Acute lymphatic
leukemia ( ALL)—immature lymphocytes predominate
Acute lymphocytic
leukemia—Malignant, immature lymphocytes multiply in the blood, bone
marrow, and lymphatic system.
Acute
lymphocytic leukemia—Symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath,
infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning
leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate
a likely diagnosis
Acute myelogenous
(myelocytic) leukemia (AML)—Im mature granulocytes predominate. Platelets
and erythrocyte are diminished because of infiltration
Acute myelogenous
leukemia—Malignant, immature granulocytes called myeloblasts multiply in
the bone marrow and bloodstream.
Agglutination—Clumping
of recipient's blood when incompatible bloods are mixed
Albumin—blood
protein
Albumin—Plasma
protein that maintains the proper amount of water in blood
Albumin—Protein
found in blood.
Albumin—protein
in blood that maintains the proper proportion of water in the blood. It remains
in the blood as it cannot pass easily through the capillary walls. And carries
smaller molecules bound to its surface. It attracts water from the tissues back
into the bloodstream and thus opposes the water’s tendency to leave the blood
and leak out into the tissue spaces.
Allogeneic
transplants—the transplantation of an organ or tissue from a genetically
matched relative or other donor
Alveoli—alveoli,
air sac
AML—Acute
myelogenous leukemia
Anemia—deficiency
in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
ANEMIA—Deficiency
in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
Anemia—deficiency
in erythrocytes or hemoglobin. The most common type is iron deficiency anemia
Anisocytosis—an
abnormality of red blood cells; they are unequal
Anisocytosis—cells
are unequal in size
Anisocytosis—Condition
of cells of unequal size (red blood cells).
Anisocytosis—Inequality
in the size of red blood cells.
Antibody (AB)—specific
protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria,
viruses or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and
inactivates it
Antibody—Protein
made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the
blood.
Anticoagulant
substances—these inhibit blood clotting, so the clods do not form
Anticoagulant—An
anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation (clotting) of blood
Anticoagulant—Prevents
clotting
Anticoagulant—Substance
that prevents blood clotting.
Antigen—Foreign
agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.
Antigens—Foreign
material that invades the body
Antigen—substance
that stimulates the production of an antibody
Antiglobulin test
(Coombs test)—test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage
erythrocytes
Antiglobulin test—Test
for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; Coombs test.
Apheresis—separation
of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood.
Apheresis—Separation
of blood into its components
Apheresis—Withdrawal
and separation of blood elements.
Aplastic
anemia—Blood cells are not formed or produced in bone marrow
Aplastic
anemia—Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of
cells in the bone marrow
Aplastic anemia—failure
of blood cell production in the bone marrow
Aplastic—anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of formation) of bone
marrow cells.
atelectasis—condition
of imperfect lung expansion; collapsed lung
auscultation—listening
to sound within the body
Autoimmune
thrombocytopenic purpura—a condition in which a patient makes an antibody
that destroys platelets
Autologous stem cell
transplantation—the patient’s own stem cells are collected, stored and
reinfused after potent chemotherapy
Autologous
transfusion—Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient
Autologous
transfusion—the collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or
blood compound.
Autologous—transfusion
Removal and then reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components.
B- Blood type—a
person was born with the B antigen on his red blood cells but Rh antigen
Band cells—are
identical to segmented granulocytes except that the nucleus is U-shaped and its
lobes are connected by a band rather than a thin thread as a segmented forms.
Basopgilia—an
increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia
Basophil—Leukocyte
whose granules have an affinity for basic stain
Basophils—white
blood cell contain granules that stain dark blue with a basic alkaline dye.
These granules contain heparin and histamine
Basophil—White
blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye.
Basophil—white
blood cell with large dark staining granules
Bilirubin—Orange-yellow
pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red
blood cells die.
Bilirubin—Pigment
produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
Bleeding
time—Time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding
Bleeding time—time
required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
Blood clothing—a
complicated process. The final result is the formation of a fibrin cloth from
the plasma protein fibrinogen. The platelets become sticky and collect or
aggregate at the site of injury. Then, in combination with tissue and clotting
factors, plus calcium, prothrombin, and thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to
fibrin to form a clot. One of the important clotting factors is factor VIII. It
is missing in some people who are born with hemophilia. Other hemophiliacs are
missing factor IX. Normally, it does not
clot in blood vessels unless it is damaged.
Blood dyscrasia—any
abnormal condition of the blood generally is referred to as a blood dyscrasia
(disease)
Blood transfusion—Blood
cells or whole blood from a closely match donor are infused into a patient.
Blood transfusion—whole
blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
Blood—its primary
function is to maintain a constant environment for the other living tissue of
the body. It carries gaseous waste to the lungs to be exhaled. It carries
chemical waste such as urea, to the kidney to be excreted in the urine. It
transports chemical messengers called hormones from their sites of secretion in
glands, such as the thyroid or pituitary, to distant sites where they regulate
growth reproduction and energy production. It contains protein, white blood
cells and antibodies that fight infection and platelets and other proteins that
help blood to clot.
Bone marrow
aspiration—bone marrow also may be removed by brief suction produced by a
syringe
Bone marrow biopsy—microscopic
examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
Bone
marrow biopsy—Needle is introduced into the bone marrow
cavity, and a small amount of marrow is aspirated and then examined under the
microscope
Bone marrow
transplantation—the sponge-like tissue found in the center of certain
bones—contains stem cells that are the precursors of white blood cells, red
blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are vital for normal body
functions, such as oxygen transport, defense against infection and disease, and
clotting. Blood cells have a limited lifespan and are constantly being
replaced; therefore, healthy stem cells are vital. Bone marrow transplantation
involves extracting bone marrow containing normal stem cells from a healthy
donor, and transferring it to a recipient whose body cannot manufacture proper
quantities of normal blood cells. The goal of the transplant is to rebuild the
recipient's blood cells and immune system and hopefully cure the underlying
ailment
Bone
marrow transplant—Bone marrow cells from a donor are infused
into a patient being treated for leukemia or aplastic anemia
Bonemarrow—biopsy
Needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by examination
under a microscope.
Bronchitis—inflammation
of a small bronchial tube
Cells—beginning
at birth, all blood cells originate in the marrow cavity of bones. Both the
blood cells arise from the same blood forming or hematopoietic stem cells.
Chronic lymphatic
leukemia (CLL)—abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes
predominated in the marrow, lymph node, and spleen
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia—Malignant, but relatively
mature lymphocytes, multiply in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML)—both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large
numbers in the marrow and blood
chronic
myelogenous leukemia—Both mature and immature granulocytes are
present in bone marrow and blood.
Chronic myelogenous
leukemia—Malignant, but relatively mature granulocytic leukocytes multiply
in the bloodstream.
Cilia—hairs
attached to mucous membrane
CLL
Chronic—lymphocytic leukemia
Coagulationtime—Ability
of venous blood to clot in a test tube
Coagulation time—time
required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
Coagulation
time—Venous blood is clotted in a test tube
Coagulation—blood
clotting
Coagulation—Process
of blood clotting.
Coagulopathy—Coagulopathy
(also called clotting disorder and bleeding disorder) is a condition in which
the blood’s ability to clot is impaired. This condition can cause prolonged or
excessive bleeding, which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or
medical and dental procedures.
Coagulopathy—Disease
of blood clotting.
Colony-stimulating
factor—Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood
cells (granulocytes)
Colony-stimulating
factors—protein to promote the growth granulocytes in bone marrow. G-CSF
(granulocyte CSF) and GM-CSF (granulocytes-macrophage CSF) are given to restore
granulocyte production in cancer patient.
Complete blood count
(CBS)—determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration,
hematocrit, and red cell values—MCH, MCV, MCHC
Complete blood count—Determination of the number of red and
white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices
(MCH, MCV, MCHC) in a sample of blood.
Composition and
formation of blood—plasma, leukocytes, platelets or thrombocytes and cells
Coombs
test—Determines the numbers of antibodies in infants or Rh-negative women or
patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Cytology—Study of
cells.
Differentiated/differentiation—under
the influence of proteins in the blood and bone marrow, stem cells change their
size and shape to become specialized. In this process, the cells change in size
from large (immature cells) to small (mature cell), and the cell nucleus
shrinks (in red cells, the nucleus actually disappear). Change in structure and
function of a cell as it matures; specialization
Differentiation—Change
in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.
DIFFERENTIATION—Change
in structure and function of a cell as it matures.
Differentiation—Specialization
of cells from immature to mature forms.
diphtheria—infectious
disease of the throat and upper respiratory tract; caused by bacteria
Disseminate
intravascular coagulation (DIC)—excessive blood clotting
Dyscrasia—Any
abnormal or pathological condition of the blood.
Dyscrasia—Blood
disease.
dyspnea—difficulty
breathing
Ecchymoses—Large
blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises).
edema—collection
of fluid in tissues
Edema—results
when too much fluid from blood leaks out into tissues. It happens when a person
ingests too much salt, in severe form when a person is burned in a fire. In
this situation, albumin escapes from the capillaries as a result of the burn
injury, then water cannot held in the blood, escapes from the blood and blood
volume drops
electrophesis—transmission
of electricity
Electrophoresis—a
process where immunoglobulins are separated from other plasma proteins by
electrical charge
Electrophoresis—Method
of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge
ELECTROPHORESIS—Method
of separating plasma proteins by electrical charge.
Electrophoresis—Technique
used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge.
Electrophoresis—Use
of an electrical field to separate proteins in a mixture (such as blood or
urine), on the basis of the size and electrical charge of the proteins.
emphaysem—hyperinflation
of air-sacs with destruction to alveolar walls
emphysema—lung
disease marked by distention or swelling of the alveoli
empyema—pus in
the pleural cavity
Eosinophilia—abnormally
increased eosinophils in the blood in allergic reaction such as asthma or
parasitic infection
Eosinophilia—Increase
in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream.
Eosinophilia—Increase
in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions
Eosinophil—Leukocyte
with dense reddish granules
Eosinophils—white
blood cell contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye. These
granules increase in allergic Responses and engulf substances that trigger the
allergies.
Eosinophil—White
blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye;
elevated in allergic reactions.
Eosinophil—White
blood cells with reddish granules, numbers increase in allergic reaction
epiglottis—lid-like
piece of cartilage that covers larynx
Erythremia—Polycythemia
vera
Erythroblast—immature
red blood cell
Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR)—speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate—Measurement of the speed at which erythrocytes settle or
fall to the bottom of a test tube.
Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate—Venous blood is collected: anticoagulant
added and the distance cells fall in a period of time is determined
Erythrocyte—Red
blood cell
ERYTHROCYTE—Red
blood cell.
Erythrocyte—sedimentation
rate Measures the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
Erythrocytes—from
erythroblast to erythrocyte, it loses its nucleus and assumes the shape of a
biconcave disk. This shape (a depressed or hollow surface on each side of the
cell, resembling a cough drop with a thin central portion) allows for a large
surface area so that absorption and release of gases can take place. It is
originated in the bone marrow. The hormone erythropoietin (secreted by the
kidneys), stimulates their production. The iron in hemoglobin forms new red
cells or is stored in spleen, liver and bone marrow.
Erythrocytopenia—Deficiency
in numbers
Erythrocytopenia—Deficiency
of red blood cells.
Erythropoientin—Hormone
secreted by the kidney to stimulate erythrocyte production in the bone marrow
Erythropoiesis—Formation
of red blood cells.
Erythropoiesis—Formation
of red blood cells.
Erythropoiesis—Formation
of red cells
Erythropoiesis—red
blood cell production
Erythropoiesis—the
formation or production of red blood cells.
Erythropoietin—like
CSFs, can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It stimulates erythrocytes
production. Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell
formation
Erythropoietin—Substance
(hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.
Fibrin threads—forms
the clot by trapping red blood cell. Then the clot retracts into a tight ball,
leaving behind a clear fluid called serum.
Fibrinogen—clotting
protein in plasma
Fibrinogen—plasma
protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
Fibrinogen—Plasma
protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
Fibrin—protein
that forms the basis of a blood clot
FIBRIN—Protein
threads that form the base of a clot.
Fibrin—Protein
threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
Fibrin—Protein
threads that form the b
asis of a clot
asis of a clot
GLOBIN—The
protein part of hemoglobin.
Globulin—means
protein
Globulin—Protein
in plasma; can be separated into alpha, beta, and gamma
Globulins—Major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta
and gamma globulins are examples.
Globulins—plasma
protein; alpha, beta and gamma globulins. The gamma globulins are
immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy
antigens.
Graft-versus-host
disease—the immunocompetent cells in the donor’s tissue recognize the
recipient’s tissues as foreign and attack them
Granulocyte—white
blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and
basophil
Granulocyte—White
blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; neutrophil, eosinophil and
basophil.
Granulocytopenia—
A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of granular white blood
cells in the blood. Also called
granulopenia.
Granulocytopenia—Deficiency
of granulocytes.
Granulocytosis—abnormal
increase in granulocytes in the blood. An increase in neutrophils in the blood
may occur in response to infection. Eosinophilia and basophilia
Granulocytosis—Increased
numbers of granulocytes in the blood.
Hematocrit (Hct)—percentage
of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
Hematocrit—it
gives the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. is the volume
percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood.
Hematocrit—Measures
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
hematocrit—percentage
of red blood cells in a volume of blood
Hematocrit—Sample
of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and
percentage of RBCs is taken
Hematopoiesis—Formation
of blood cells.
Hematopoiesis—stages
in blood cell development. All blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem
cells
Hematopoiesis—the
formation and development of blood cells
Hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation—peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are
administered to a recipient
Hematopoietic stem
cell transplant—Peripheral (found in the blood) stem cells from a
compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient.
Hematopoietic stem
cell—cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
Heme—iron-containing nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin
molecule
Hemochromatosis—excess
iron deposits throughout the body. (type of anemia)
Hemochromatosis—Excessive
deposits of iron throughout the body
Hemoglobin test (H,
Hg, Hgb, HGM)—total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
Hemoglobin test—Total
amount of hemoglobin in a sample of blood.
hemoglobin—blood
protein
Hemoglobin—Blood
protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin—Blood
protein found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobinopathy—Disease
or defect of hemoglobin production. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
Hemoglobinopathy—Hemoglobinopathy
is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the
globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule.[1] Hemoglobinopathies are inherited
single-gene disorders; in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal
co-dominant traits.[2] Common hemoglobinopathies include sickle-cell disease.
Hemoglobin—red
cells contains the unique protein it, which is composed of heme (iron
–containing pigment) and globin (protein). It enables the erythrocyte to carry
oxygen. The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin produces the bright red color
of blood
Hemolysis—a
process when after 120 days, macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow
destroy the worn-out erythrocytes. Macrophages break down erythrocyte and
hemoglobin into heme and globin portions. The heme releases iron and decomposes
into a yellow-orange pigment known as bilirubin. Destruction or breakdown of blood
Hemolysis—Breakdown
of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed.
Hemolysis—Destruction
of red cells
Hemolysis—Destruction
or breakdown of blood; specifically red blood cells.
Hemolysis—occurs
when during transfusion, the blood is not compatible with the blood recipient
from the donor, which may be followed by excessive clotting in blood vessels
which is a life threatening condition.
Hemolytic
anemia—Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction
Hemolytic anemia—reduction
in red cells due to excessive destruction.
One example is congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)
Hemophila—excessive
bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factors VIII or
IX) necessary for blood clotting
Hemophilia—Excessive
bleeding
Hemophilia—Excessive
bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII
Hemophilia—Excessive
bleeding caused by lack of Factor VIII or IX.
Hemophilia—Hereditary
disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. Affected individuals
are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX).
hemoptysis—spitting
up blood
Hemostasis—Stoppage
of bleeding or circulation of blood.
Hemostasis—The
stoppage of blood flow through a blood vessel or body part
Heparin—an
anticlotting substance
HEPARIN—An
anticoagulant produced by the liver cells and found in blood and tissues.
Heparin—anticoagulant
produced by liver and found in blood and tissues
Heparin—Anticoagulation
found in the blood
Heparin—produced
by tissue cells is an example of anticoagulant. Other drugs are warfarin
(Coumadin) are given to patients with thromboembolic disease to prevent
clotting
Histamine—a
chemical released in allergic responses
Hypochromia—cell
have reduced color (less hemoglobin)
Hypochromia—Reduction
of hemoglobin
Hypochromic—hypochromic
anemia is marked by a decreased concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells
Hypochromic—Pertaining
to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Idiopathic—relating
to a disease having no known cause; agnogenic.
Idiophatic
thrombocytopenic purpura—Deficiency of platelets with hemorrhages
into skin
Immune system—Response
of the immune system to foreign invasion.
Immunisuppressive
drugs—drugs such as cyclosporine and methotrexate
Immunoglobulin—Antibody-containing
protein in the blood; IgA, IgG, IgM,
Immunoglobulin—protein
(globulin) with antibody activity
Immunoglobulins—Proteins
made by lymphocytes in response to antigens in the blood
inspiration—breathing
in
Intrinsic factor—Substance
normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12
into the bloodstream.
Iron-deficiency
anemia—Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin
leukapheresis—carrying
white blood cells
Leukapheresis—Mechanical
separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.
Leukapheresis—the
selective separation and removal of leukocytes from withdrawn blood, the
remainder of the blood then being retransfused into the donor.
Leukemia—a
progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by distorted
proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood
and bone marrow
leukemia—excessive
increase in white blood cells with immature forms
Leukocytes—white
blood cells; they are less numerous than erythrocytes and there are five
different types of mature leukocytes. (Labeled in a diagram). The granulocytes,
or polymorphonuclear leukocyte, ate the most numerous about 60%.
Leukocyte—White
blood cell.
Leukocytopenia—Deficiency
of white blood cells.
Leukocytopenia—Lack
of white blood cells
Leukopenia--
Leukopenia (also known as leukocytopenia, or leucopenia, from Greek λευκό -
white and πενία -deficiency) is a decrease in the number of white blood cells
(leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of
infection.
Lymphocyte—are
made in bone marrow and lymph nodes and circulate both in the bloodstream and
in the parallel circulating system, the lymphatic system. It plays an important
role in the immune response that protects the body against infection. They can
directly attack foreign matter and make antibodies that lead to destruction of
foreign antigen. Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
Lymphocyte—Leukocyte
formed in the lymph tissue
Lymphocyte—White
blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing
antibodies.
Lymphoid progenitor cells—give
rise to monoblasts and lymphoblasts
Macrocystosis—Increase
in numbers of large cells
Macrocytosis—blood
condition in which erythrocyte are larger than normal
Macrocytosis—cells
are large
Macrocytosis—Presence
of large red blood cells in the blood.
macrophage—large
cell that engulfs foreign material and worn-out red cells
Macrophage—Large
phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues.
Macrophages—monocyte
that move from the bloodstream into tissues and dispose of dead and dying cells
and other tissue debris by phagocytosis. In the liver, spleen and bone marrow,
macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells
Mediastinum—central
cavity between the lungs in the chest
Megakaryocyte—large
platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow
Megakaryocyte—Large,
giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow.
Megakaryocyte—platelet
precursor formed in the bone morrow
Microcytosis—a
blood condition in which erythrocyte are smaller than normal
Microcytosis—cells
are small
Microcytosis—Increase
in numbers of small cells
Microcytosis—Increased
numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells.
Monoblast—An
immature cell that develops into a monocyte.
Monoblast—Immature
monocyte.
Monocytes—are
phagocytic cells that also fight disease. A leukocyte with one large nucleus.
Dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris by phagocytosis.
Monocyte become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
Monocyte—White
blood cell (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enter tissues as macrophages.
Monocyte—White
blood cell, phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage
Mononuclear—containing/pertaining
to one large nucleus do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm.
They may have few granules such as lymphocytes and monocytes.
Mononuclear—Pertaining
to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte.
Mononucleosis—Infectious
disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph
nodes.
Mononucleosis—infectious
disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged
cervical lymph nodes. This disease is transmitted by the Epstein-Barr virus
Morphology—Study
of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells.
multiple myeloma—Malignant tumor of bone marrow.
Multimyeloma—malignant
neoplasm of bone marrow. It destroys bone tissue and cause overproduction of
immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein, an immunoglobulin fragment
found in urine.
Multiple myeloma—Malignant
tumor of bone marrow; overproduction of immunoglobulins and destruction of bone
tissue.
Myelo blast—immature
bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
Myeloblasts—Immature
bone marrow cell that develops into a white blood cell.
myelodysplasia—improper
formation of bone marrow cells
Myelodysplasia—The
myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, formerly known as preleukemia) are a diverse
collection of hematological (blood-related) medical conditions that involve
ineffective production (or dysplasia) of the myeloid class of blood cells
Myelogenous—Pertaining
to cells produced in the bone marrow.
Myeloid progenitor
cells—give rise to erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts and myeloblasts.
Myeloid—Derived
from bone marrow
Myeloid—derived
from bone marrow
Myelopoiesis—Formation
and development of bone marrow or cells that originate from it.
Myelopoiesis—Formation
of bone marrow
Myelopoiesis—the
formation of marrow or the cells arising from it
Nasopharyngitis—inflammation
of the nose and throat
Neutropenia—Deficiency
in number of white blood cells
Neutropenia—Deficiency
of a type of white blood cell.
Neutropenia—Deficiency
of neutrophils.
Neutropenia—Neutropenia,
a subtype of leukopenia, refers to a decrease in the number of circulating
neutrophil granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cells. The terms
leukopenia and neutropenia may occasionally be used interchangeably, as the
neutrophil count is the most important indicator of infection risk
Neutrophilia—Increased
numbers of neutrophils.
Neutrophils—white
blood cells contain granules that are neutral; they do not stain instantly and
show only a pale color. It is phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection,
where they digest and destroy bacteria. The term polymorphonuclear granulocytes
“poly” often describes neutrophils. Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone
marrow
Neutrophil—Leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow
Neutrophil—Leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow
Neutrophil—white
blood cell that destroys foreign material by phagocytosis
Neutrophil—White
blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed
in the bone marrow and the body's first line of defense against disease.
Orthopnea—breathing
is easier in an upright position
Oxyhemoglobin—the
combination of oxygen and hemoglobin
Packed cells—are a
preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in
severe anaemia to restore levels of hemoglobin
Packed red cells—(whole
blood with most of the plasma removed). A patient who is severely anemic and
needs only red blood cells will receive a transfusion of packed red cells.
Palliative—Relieving,
but not curing
Palliative—Relieving,
but not curing illness.
Pancytopenia—abnormal
depression of all the cellular elements of the blood.
Pancytopenia—Deficiency
of all (blood) cells.
Pancytopenia—Deficiency
of all blood cells
Pancytopenia—occurs
when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes.
parenchymal—essential
cells of an organ
Partial
thromboplastin time—Measurement of presence of plasma factors that act in a
portion of the coagulation pathway.
Pernicious anemia—lack
of mature ertyhrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into
the bloodstream. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper development
and maturation of erythrocytes. Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed into
the bloodstream without the aid of a special substance called intrinsic factor
that is normally found in gastric juice.
Pernicious anemia—Lack
of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.
pernicious
anemia—Lack of mature erythrocytes owing to inability to absorb vitamin
B12
Pernicious
anemia—Lack of mature red cells due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the
body
pernicious anemia—lack
of mature red cells owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12
pernicious—anemia
lack of mature
Petechiae—Small,
pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin.
Phagocyte—Cell
that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it
Plasma exchange—a
procedure when plasma is removed from the patient and fresh plasma is given
Plasma—Liquid
portion of blood
Plasma—Liquid
portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, hormones and
vitamins.
Plasmapheresis—a
centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of blood.
Plasmapheresis is a blood purification procedure used to treat several
autoimmune diseases. It is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange.
Plasmapheresis—process
of separating plasma from cells and then removing plasma from the patient by
centrifuge. The entire blood sample is spun in a centrifuge machine, and the
plasma, being lighter than cells, moves to the top of the sample. Fresh-frozen
plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma
Plasmapheresis—Removal
of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.
Plasma—the liquid
part of the blood, consists of water, dissolved proteins, sugar, wastes, salts,
hormones and other substances. The four major plasma proteins are albumin,
globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin (the last two are clotting proteins)
platelet blood gramnet collects to begin clotting process
Platelet count—number
of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter of blood.
Platelets are average between 150, 000 and 350,000 per mm3
Platelet—Clotting
cell or thrombocyte.
Platelet—count
Number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter ( L) of blood.
Plateletpheresis—A
process in which platelets are removed from donated blood and the remaining
components are returned to the donor
Plateletpheresis—Separation
of clotting cells from the rest of the blood (using a centrifuge).
Plateletpheresis—Separation
of platelets from the rest of the blood.
Platelets
(thrombocytes)—blood cell fragment, are formed in bone marrow from giant
cells with multilobed nuclei called megakaryocytes. Tiny fragments of a
megakaryocyte break off to form platelets. The main function of platelets is to
help blood to clot. They are important in beginning the process following
injury to tissues or blood vessel. Small
blood fragment that collects at site of injury to begin the clotting process
pleural—pertaining
to double folded membrane surrounding each lung
pleura—membrane
surround the lungs
pluerodynia—pain
of the pleura (chest wall)
pneumoconiosis—abnormal
condition of dust in the lung
pneumonia—acute
infection of alveoli which fill with pus
Poikilocytosis—A disorder
of red blood cell morphology
Poikilocytosis—cells
are irregularly shaped
Poikilocytosis—condition
of irregularly shaped cells (red blood cells).
Poikilocytosis—Irregularity
in shape
poikilocytosis—irregularity
in shape of red blood cells, in certain types of anemia
Poikilocytosis—irregularity
in the shape of red blood cells. It occurs in certain types of anemia
polycythemia
vera—Erythemia
PolycythemiaVera—general
increase in red blood cell (erythremia) (type of anemia)
polycythemiavera—increase
in red blood cells
Polymorphonuclear—Pertaining
to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells).
Polymorphonuclear—pertaining
to white blood cells with a multi-lobed: neutrophils
Progenitorcells—derived
from hematopoietic stems cells.
Prophylaxis—prevention
PROTEIN—globulin
Prothrombin time (PT)—test
of the ability of blood to clot. Prothrombin is one of the clotting factors
(factor II) made by the liver, partial thromboplastin time measure other
clotting factors
Prothrombintime—Test
of the ability of blood to clot.
Prothrombin—plasma
protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process
Purpura—multiple
pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. Hemorrhages into
the skin and mucous membranes produce red-purple discoloration of the skin.
Petechiae—are tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result
of hemorrhages. Ecchymoses—are larger blue or purplish patches on the skin
(bruises). Purpura can be caused by having two few platelets (thrombocytopenia)
Purpura—Multiple
pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin caused by
deficiency of clotting cells (platelets).
Purpura—Multiple
pinpoint hemorrhages; blood accumulates under the skin
purpura—Multiple
pinpoint hemorrhages; thrombocytopenia
Red blood cell count—number
of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood. The normal number is 4 to 6 million per mm3
Red blood cell count—Number
of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
Red
blood cell morphology—A stained blood smear is examined to
determine the shape of individual red blood cells
Red
blood cell morphology—Blood smear is examined to determine the
shape or form of cells
Red blood cell
morphology—microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine
the shape of individual red cells. Abnormal morphology includes anisocytosis,
poiklocytosis and sickle cells
Red blood cell
morphology—Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine
the shape of individual red blood cells.
Relapse—occurs
when disease symptoms and signs reappear, necessitating further treatment
Relapse—Return of
symptoms of disease.
Relapse—Symptoms
of disease return
Relapse—Symptoms
of disease return.
Remission
–Symptoms of disease disappear
Remission—Disappearance
of symptoms of disease.
remission—Symptoms
of disease disappear.
Reticulocyte—Immature
erythrocyte with a network of strands (reticulum).
Reticulocyte—immature
erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell
with special dyes
Reticulocyte—Immature
red blood cell
Rh factor—Antigen
(protein) on red blood cells of Rh positive individuals.
Rh factor—besides
A and B antigens, many other antigens are located in the surface of the red
blood cells, such as Rh factor. Rh positive refers to a person who is born with
Rh antigen. An Rh negative refers to a person who does not have Rh antigen
Serum—Plasma
minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells.
Serum—plasma
minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear yellowish fluid that separates from
blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not
contain protein-coagulation factors
Shift to the left—describes
an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood
Sickle
cell anemia—Abnormal-red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia—Hereditary
condition marked by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.
Sickle cell anemia—hereditary
disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and
hemolysis
Sideropenia— a
deficiency of iron; results from inadequate iron in the diet or from
hemorrhage. An abnormally low level of iron in the blood serum.
Sideropenia—Deficiency
of iron in the blood.
Sideropenia—Deficiency
of iron.
Spherocytosis—cells
are rounded
Spherocytosis—Increase
in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic
anemia).
Spherocytosis—the
erythrocyte has a round shape, making the cell fragile and easily able to be
destroyed
Stem
cell—An undifferentiated blood cell
Stem cell—Bone marrow
cell
Stem cell—Unspecialized
cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in the body.
Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and lead to the
development of all types of blood cells.
Thalassemia—inherited
defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia. (type of
anemia)
Thalassemia—Inherited
defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin.
Thrombin—Enzyme
necessary for blood clotting (converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting
process).
Thrombin—enzyme
that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
Thrombocyte—Platelet
Thrombocytopenia—Deficiency
of clotting cells. An abnormal drop in the number
Thrombolytic therapy—Treatment
with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.
Thrombolytic therapy—used
to dissolve clots
Thrombolytic—Pertaining
to destruction of the clotting cell
Thrombosis—Condition
of clot formation.
Thrombosis—the
formation or presence of a thrombus
Tracheotomy—incision
of the windpipe
Tuberculosis—infectious
disease caused by bacilli and treated with INH (isoniazid)
WBC
differential—Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs
White blood cell
count—number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of the blood.
Normal number is 5000 and 10,000 per mm3
White blood cell
count—Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
White
blood cell differential—Leukocytes are stained and counted under a
microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms
White blood cell
differential—percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
White blood cell
differential—Percentage of the total white blood cell count made up by
different types of leukocytes.
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