Monday, 7 March 2016

Three Functions of the Muscles


Smooth Muscle - Found in the walls of most organs. They carry out the actions that we don't have to think about. (Like breathing, or the expansion and contraction of the lungs)

Skeletal Muscle - This is the most well-know muscle. It is used to move the bones in the body. It is found almost everywhere in the body.

Cardiac Muscle - The function is to keep the heart beating. It is found only in the heart.

Producing Movement, Maintaining Posture and Body Position, Stabilizing Joints and Generating Heat

Sunday, 6 March 2016

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART


# The right atrium (RA) receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, throughthe superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve intothe right ventricle.

# The right ventricle (RV) pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve
and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs.

# The left atrium (LA) receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary
veins. The blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.

# The left ventricle (LV) receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LVthrough the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body,except the lungs.

# Oxygen-poor blood is returned by the venae cavae to the right atrium and the cycle 




Tuesday, 1 March 2016

Endocrine System - Abbreviation

NIDDM—non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
LH—luteinizing hormone
IDDM—insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
FSH—follicle stimulating hormone
TSH—thyroid stimulating hormone
TFT—thyroid function test
ß—beta
α—alpha
T4—thyroxine
T3—triiodothyronine
MSH—melanocyte stimulating hormone
FBS—fasting blood sugar
BMR—basal metabolic rate
ACTH—adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH—antidiuretic hormone
NPH—neutral protamine hagedorn
PBI—protein bound iodine
DM—diabetes mellitus
RIA—radioimmunoassay
RAI—radioactive iodine
PTH—parathyroid hormone
PRL—prolactin
GTT—glucose tolerance test
GH—growth hormone
DI—diabetes insipidus


Sense Organs - Abbreviation

AD—Right Ear
AS—Left Ear
AU—Both Ears
OD—Right Eye
OS—Left Eye
OU—Both Eyes
ECCE—Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction
IOL—Intraoccular Lens
ENT—Ear Nose Throat
HEENT—Head Eyes Ears Nose & Throat
PERRLA—Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light & Accomodation
AOM—Acute Otitis Media
BSOM—Bilateral Serous Otitis Media
CSOM—Chronic Serous Otitis Media
PE tube—Pressure Equalization Tubes
ADHD—Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
DT—Delirium Tremors
MDD—Major Depressive Disorder
PTSD—Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
SAD—Seasonal Affective Disorder
OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

TD—Tardive Dyskinesia

Blood System - Abbreviation

Ab—antibody
ABMT—autologous bone marrow transplantation
ABO—four main types of blood -A, B, AB, O
ALL—acute lymphocytic leukemia
ANC—absolute neutrophil count
ASCT—autologous stem cell transplantation
Bands—Immature white blood cells
Baso—basophils
BMT—bone marrow transplantation
CBC—complete blood count
CLL—chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML—chronic myelogenous leukemia
DIC—disseminated intravascular coagulation
Diff—differential count
EBV—Epstein-Barr virus
Eos—eosinophils
EPO—erythropoietin
ESR—erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Fe—iron
G-CSF—granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF—granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
g/dL—gram per deciliter
GVHD—graft-versus-host disease
HCL—hairy cell leukemia
Hct—hematocrit
Hgb, HGB—hemoglobin
H and H—hemoglobin and hematocrit
HLA—human leukocyte antigen
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM—immunoglobulins
Lymphs—lymphocytes
MCH—mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC—mean corpuscular hemoglobin consentration
MCV—mean corpuscular volume
MDS—myelodysplastic syndrome
mm3—cubic millimeter
Mono—monocyte
polys, PMNs, PMNLs—polymorphonuclear leukocytes
PT, pro time—prothrombin time
PTT—partial thromboplastin time
RBC—red blood cell; red blood cell count
sedrate—erythrocyte sedimentation rate
segs—segmented, mature white blood cells
SMAC—Sequential Multiple Analyzer
mL note different way of writing m—microliter
WBC—white blood cells; white blood cell count

WNL—within normal limits

Digestion System - Abbreviation

ABC—aspiration biopsy cytology
alk phos—alkaline phosphatase
ALT—alanine aminotransferase
AST—angiotensin sensitivity
Ba—barium
BE—barium enema
BM—bowel movement
BMI—body mass index
CF—cystic fibrosis
CT—computed tomography
EGD—esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP—endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
GB—gallbladder
GBS—gallbladder series (x-ray studies)
GER—gastroesophageal reflux
GERD—gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI—gastrointestinal
HAV—hepatitis A virus
HBV—hepatitis B virus
HCV—hepatitis C virus
HDV—hepatitis D virus
HEV—hepatitis E virus
IBS—irritable bowel syndrome
LFT—liver function test
NG—nasogastric
PE—physical examination; pulmonary embolism
PTHC—percutaneous transhepatic cholangeography
stat, STAT—immediately
PMH—past medical history
PUD—peptic ulcer disease
RGB—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
R/O—rule out
a.c.—before meals
b.i.d.—twice a day
hs—half strength
h.s.—at bedtime
NPO, n.p.o.—nothing by mouth
pc, p.c.—afer meals
p.o.—by mouth
p.r.n.—as required
qAM—every morning
q.d.—every day
q.h.—every hour
q.2h.—every 2 hours
q.i.d.—four times a day
q.o.d.—every other day
qPM—every evening

t.i.d.—three times a day