Albumin—a major
protein in blood plasma
Albuminuria—Presence
of serum protein in the urine
Albuminuria—uria
means urine condition. This finding can be indicating malfunction of the kidney
as protein leak out of damaged glomeruli.
Antidiuretic hormone—this
hormone from the pituitary gland normally acts on the renal tubules to promote
water reabsorption. It is also called vasopressin
and is abbreviated ADH
Anuria—the
absence of urine formation caused by renal failure or urinary tract obstruction
Anuria—Without
the formation of urine
Arteriovenous fistula—communication
between an arty and vein is created surgically to provide easy access for
hemodialysis
Azotemia—this
toxic condition is characteristic of uremia. It is indicated by an elevated BUN
(blood urea nitrogen) test
Bacteriuria—a
sign of urinary tract infection (UTI). The bacteria in the urine are cultured
and then tested with antibiotics to determine which will inhibit growth. This
is known as culture and sensitivity testing (C&S)
Bacteriuria—Persence
of bacteria in the urine
Bladder cancer—malignant
tumor of the urinary bladder
Blood urea nitrogen—measurement of urea levels in blood.
Calciferol—an
active form of Vitamin D secreted by Kidneys, which is necessary for absorption
of calcium from the intestine
Caliceal—relating
to the calyx
Caliectasis—Dilation
of the calices, usually due to obstruction or infection
Calulus—A pebble;
any abnormal concretion (stone)
Calycesorcalices—Singular:
calyx or calix. Small cup-like regions of the renal pelvis that narrows into
the ureters
Catheter—tube for
injecting or removing fluid
Cortex region—meaning
“bark”. The outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of
the kidney
Cortical—pertaining
to cortex
Creatinine clearance—measurement
of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney. An
importance tests to assess the functioning of the kidney
Creatinine—nitrogenous
waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of
the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood
CT urography—x
ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross sectional and
other views of the kidney
Cystectomy—Surgical
excision of the bladder or part of the bladder
Cystectomy—surgical
procedure to remove the bladder
Cystitis—bacterial
infection often caused acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhages
Cystocele—Hernia
of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina
Cystoscopy—direct
visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope
Cystostomy—an
opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A
catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage
Diabainein—diabetes
derived from this word, meaning to pass through
Diabetes insipidus
(DI)—antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the
kidney ADH. The kidney produce large amount of dilute urine. Insipidus means
tasteless
Diabetes mellitus
(DM)—insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its
effect, the major signs are glycosuria, polyuria etc. Without insulin, sugar
cannot leave the bloodstream. Mellitus means, sweet, reflecting the content of
urine
Dialysis—process
of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood. It is used to treat
acute or chronic renal failure; there are two methods, hemodialysis and
peritoneal dialysis
Diuresis—A
condition of increased or excessive flow of urine
Diuresis—caffeine
and alcohol are well known diuretics, they include increased excretion of urine
Dysuria—Difficult
or painful urination
Dysuria—painful
or difficult urination
Edema—An abnormal
condition in which the body tissues contain an accumulation of fluid
Electrolytes—chemical
elements of sodium (NA+) and potassium (K+) are small molecules that conduct an
electrical charge. These are necessary for proper functioning of muscle and
nerve cells. The kidneys adjusts the balance amounts of water and electrolytes
by secreting some substances into the urine and holding back other in the
bloodstream
Enuresis—A
condition of involuntary emission of urine; bed wetting
Enuresis—bed-wetting
Erythropoietin (EPO)—hormone
secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone
marrow.
Erythropoietin—a
glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidney in the adult and by the liver in
the fetus, which acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood
cell production (erythropoiesis)
Extracorporeal
Shock-Wave Lithotriptor—A device used to crush kidney stones
Filtration—process
whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter, the kidney produce
urine by filtration. The thin walls of each glomerulus permit water, salts,
sugar, and urea such as creatinine and uric acid. To leave the blood stream
Flexible cystoscopy—uses
a thin fiberopticcystoscope and is used for diagnostic and checkups of the
urinary bladder
Glomercular—Pertaining
to the glomerulus
Glomerular (bowman
capsule)—enclosing structure materials collect in a tiny, cup-like
structure that surrounds each glomerulus. It also collects the material that is
filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus
Glomeruli—glomerulus
is a tiny, coiled and intertwined smaller ball of capillaries in the kidney.
The walls of the glomeruli prevent large substances, such as protein and blood
cells, from filtering into the capsule.
Glomerulonephritis—inflammation
of the glomeruli within the kidney. This condition can follow a streptococci
infection.
Glycosuria—the
presence of glucose in the urine
Hematuria—microhematuria
that is visible only under a microscope, as opposed to gross hematuria, which
can be seen with the naked eye
Hemodialysis—The
use of an artificial kidney toseperate waster from the blood
Hemodialysis—uses
an artificial machine that receives waste filled blood from the patient’s
bloodstream
Hilum—a
depression on the medial border of the kidney. Blood vessels and nerves pass
through and leave through the hilum. Meaning “small thing”. It is also used in
the respiratory system to mark the depression in the lung where blood vessels,
bronchus, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave
Hydronephrosis—obstruction
of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi, compression of the ureter by
tumor, hyperplasoa of the prostate gland at the base of the bladder in males
Hydrophrosis—A
condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis because of an obstructed
outflow
Hyperkalemia—The
normal concentration of potassium in the serum is in the range of 3.5 to 5.0
mM. Hyperkalemia refers to serum or plasma levels of potassium ions above 5.0
mM. The concentration of potassium is often expressed in units of
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), rather than in units of millimolarity (mM).
Both units mean the same thing when applied to concentrations of potassium
ions.
Hyponatremia—this
condition can occur when water intake is excessive, primary polydipsia, or when
athletes drink too water in high-endurance events
Incontinence—Inability
to hold urine
Interstitial
nephritis—inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal
tubules.
InterstitialCystitis—A
chronically irritable and painful inflammation of the bladder wall
Intravesical—within
the bladder, most often understood as within the urinary bladder
Ketoacidosis—ketones
in the blood increase the acidity of the blood. This can lead to coma and death
Ketonuria—an
excess of ketone bodies in the urine
Ketonuria—Persenceof
ketones in the urine
Ketosis—often
called ketoacidosis, because acids accumulate in the blood and tissues. The
breath of a patient with ketosis has a sweet or fruity odor. This is produced
by acetone (a ketone body) released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled
through the mouth
Kidneys, ureters and
bladder (KUB)—x ray examination of the kidneys, ureters and bladder
Kidneys—one of
two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal) on either
side of the spine in the lumbar region. A cushion of adipose tissue and fibrous
connective tissue surrounds each kidney for protection it weighs about 4 to 6
ounces, it helps to degrade and eliminate hormones such as insulin and
parathyroid hormone from the bloodstream. The kidney consists of cortex and
medullar regions.
Lithotripsy—urinary
tract stones are crushed. Lithotripsy is the use of high-energy shock waves to
fragment and disintegrate kidney stones. The shock wave, created by using a
high-voltage spark or an electromagnetic impulse, is focused on the stone. This
shock wave shatters the stone and this allows the fragments to pass through the
urinary system. Since the shock wave is generated outside the body, the
procedure is termed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, or ESWL
Lithotrispy—The
crushing of a kidney stone
Meatotomy—Incision
of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
Meatus—An opening
or passage; the external opening of the urethra
Meatus—opening or
canal
Medulla—inner
region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney
Medullar region—inner
region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney.
Medullary cavity—long
bones is the innermost part containing red and yellow marrow
Microalbuminuria—leakage
of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli. It is recognized as the
earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus
Micturition—The
process of urination
MRI urography—changing
magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in
three planes of the body
Nephrectomy—Surgical
excision of a kidney
Nephrolithiasis—kidney
stones (renal calculi). Kidney stones are usually composed of uric acid or calcium
salts. It often lodges in the ureter or bladder as well as in the renal pelvis
and may require removal by lithotripsy
Nephrolithotomy—incision
(percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone
Nephron—the
combination of the glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the
kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million
nephrons in a kidney
Nephron—The
structural and functional unit of the kidney
Nephropathy—disease
of the kidneys
Nephroptosis—downward
displacement or dropping of a kidney when it’s anatomic supports are weekend.
Nephropexy is an operation to put a “floating” kidney in place
Nephrostomy—surgical
opening to the outside of the body. This is necessary when a ureter becomes
obstructed and the obstruction cannot be removed easily. The renal pelvis
becomes distended with urine (hydronephrosis), making nephrostomy necessary
Nephrotic syndrome—group
of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine. Two
important signs of nephrotic syndrome are edema and hypoalbuminemia, these are
caused by massive leakage of protein into urine
Nitrogenous waste—when
foods containing proteins are used by cells in the body, nitrogenous waste
products (urea, creatinine and uric acid) are released into the bloodstream.
Nocturia—Excessive
urination during the night
Nocturia—frequent,
excessive urination at night
Oliguria—diminished
urine production and excretion in relation to fluid intake
Ollguria—scanty
urination
Ollguria—Scanty
urination
Paranephric—near
the kidney.
Peritonealdialysis—uses
a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity.
Periurethral—Pertaining
to around the urethra
Poietin—means
substances that form
Polycystic kidney
disease—multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney. There are two
types of hereditary PKD. One is usually asymptomatic (without symptoms), the
other type occurs in infants and results in renal failure
Polydipsia—a sign
of diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. Excessive or abnormal thirst
Polyuria—a
symptom of both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Excessive secretion of
urine
Polyuria—Excessive
urination
Potassium (K+)—electrolyte
regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the
blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of
nervous impulses
Pyelocystitis—Inflammation
of the bladder and renal pelvis
Pyelolithotomy—removal
of a large calculus (stone) contributing to blockage of urine flow and
development if infection. The renal pelvis surgically opened
Pyelonephritis—inflammation
of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
Pyuria—Pus in the
urine
Pyuria—The
presence of pus in the urine, usually a sign of urinary tract infection
Radioisotope scan—image
of the kidney obtained after injection a radioactive substance into the
bloodstream
Reabsorption—process
whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the
bloodstream
Renal angiography—x
ray examination of the blood vessels of the kidney
Renal angioplasty—dilation
of narrowed areas in renal arteries
Renal arteries—blood
vessel that carries blood to the kidney. Blood enters each kidney from the
aorta by way of the right and left renal arteries
Renal biopsy—removal
of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
Renal cell carcinoma—hypernephroma—cancerous
tumor of the kidney
Renal Colic—An
acute pain the occurs in the kidney and is caused by blockage during the
passage of a stone
Renal colic—colic
is intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an
organ. Pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter
Renal Failure—Cessation
of proper functioning of the kidney
Renal failure—decrease
in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function. A large
number of conditions, including high blood pressure, infection and diabetes,
can lead to it. May be acute (ARF) or chronic (CRF). A new classification of chronic
kidney disease stages patients according to the level of creatinine clearance
and glomerular filtration rate.
Renal hypertension—high
blood pressure resulting kidney disease. It is the most common type of
secondary hypertension. If the cause of high blood pressure is not known, the
condition is called essential hypertension. Chronic essential hypertension
cause arterial and arteriolar damage
Renal interstitium—the
connective tissue lying between the renal tubules
Renal ischemia—a
significant cause of renal dysfunction and cortical and medullary necrosis. Is
usually part of a general state of shock, dehydration and severe toxemia.
Renal pelvis—a
basin-like central collecting area/region in the central part of the kidney
Renal transplantation—surgical
transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
Renal Transplant—Surgical
procedure to implant a donor kidney to a recipient
Renal tubule—long
twisted tube attached to each glomerular capsule. Microscopic tube in the
kidney where urine is formed after filtration
Renal vein—blood
vessels that carries blood away from the kidney towards the heart
Renal—Pertaining
to the kidney
Renin and
erythropoietin—the kidneys secrete these hormones to forming and excreting
urine from the body. Renin raised the blood pressures while erythropoietin
(EPO) is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
Renin—An enzyme
produced by the kidney
Renin—hormone
secreted by the kidney that is discharged in the blood to raise blood pressure
by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing the blood vessels). It promotes
formation of substance that stimulates the contraction of arterioles
Residual Urine—Urine
that is left in the bladder after urination
Retrograde pyelogram—x
ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a
urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder, useful in locating urinary
stones
Rigid cystoscopy—uses
a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder
Secretion—the
final process in the formation of urine of some substances from the bloodstream
into the renal tubule.
Sediment—The
substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid; a precipitate
Sodium (NA+)—electrolyte
regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission
of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. A common form
of sodium is sodium chloride
Specimen—A sample
of tissue, blood, urine, or other material intended to show the nature of the
whole
Sphincter muscles—control
the exit area of the bladder to the urethra
Tirgonitis—Inflammation
of the trigone of the bladder
Trigone—triangular
region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits
Trigonitis—Inflammation
of the urinary bladder, localized in the mucous membrane at the
trigonumvesicae.
Ultrasonography—imaging
of urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Urea—major
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Urea—The chief
nitrogenous constituent of urine
Uremia—this toxic
state results when nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood
Urenia—A
condition of excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood
Ureter—one of the
two muscular tubes lined with mucous membrane. It carries urine in peristaltic
waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureteroplasty—Reparative
or plastic surgery of either or both ureters
Uretheroilecostomy—after
cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum,
used in place of the bladder to carry urine from the ureters out of the body.
It is an ileal conduit
Urethra—a tube
that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Urethral stricture—a
stricture is an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
Urethritis—Urethritis
is an inflammation of the urethra that is usually caused by an infection.
Urethroplasty—a surgical
procedure for the repair of a urethra, as in the correction of hypospadias
Uricacid—nitrogenous
waste excreted in the urine
Urinalysis—an
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may
indicate various pathologic conditions
Urinary bladder—a
hollow, muscular sac, is a temporary reservoir for urine.
Urinary
catheterization—passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the
urethra into the urinary bladder. A Foley catheter is an indwelling catheter
held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid
Urinary incontinence—incontinence literally means not able
to hold together. This is a loss of the control of the passage of urine from
the bladder. Stress incontinence occurs
with strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing. Urgency incontinence occurs with the
inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void.
Urinary meatus—the
external opening of the urethra.The female urethra, about 1 ½ inches
long, lies anterior to thevagina and vaginal meatus. The male urethra about 8
inches long extends downwards through the prostate gland to the urinary meatus
at the tip of the penis.
Urinary retention—The
result of progressive obstruction of the urethra by an enlarging prostate,
causing urine to remain in the bladder even after urination. It results when
the outflow of urine from the bladder is blocked.
Urinary system—the
urinary system removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood so they do not
accumulate and become harmful
Urination or voiding—the
process of expelling urine through the urethra. Also called micturition
Urine—when blood passes through the kidneys, the kidneys
filters nitrogenous wastes to form urine. Urine is composed of water, salt and
acids. Urine leaves the body through the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Urobilin—A brown
pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; may be formed in the urine after
exposure to air
Urochrome—The
pigment that gives urine the normal yellow color
Vesicle—blister
on the skin
Vesicoureteral reflux—Vesicoureteral
reflux (VUR) refers to a condition in which urine flows from the bladder, back
up the ureter, and back into the kidneys.
Voiding
cystourethrogram—x ray image of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained
while the patient is voiding.
Void—To empty the
bladder
Wilms tumor—malignant
tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
Tests included in a
urinalysis
1.
Color—normal
urine color is yellow or straw-colored. Colorless, pale urine indicates large
amount of water in the urine. Whereas red or brown color of urine indicates the
presence of large amounts of blood
2.
Appearance—normally,
urine should be clear. Cloudy or turbid urine indicates a UTI with pus (pyuria)
and bacteria (bacteriuria)
3.
pH—determination
of pH reveals the chemical nature of urine. It indicates to what degree a
solution is acid or alkaline. Normal urine is slightly acidic pH of 6.5.
4.
Protein—small
amount of protein are normally found in the urine but not sufficient quantity
to produce a positive result by ordinary methods of testing. When positive
albumin is usually responsible
5.
Glucose—sugar
is not normally found in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, there is excess sugar
in the bloodstream which leads to the spilling over of sugar into the urine
6.
Specific
gravity—the specific gravity of urine reflects the amount of wastes,
minerals and solids in the urine
7.
Ketone
bodies—ketones are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver.
Ketonuria occurs in diabetes mellitus when cells deprived of sugar must use up
their available fat for energy
8.
Sediment
and casts—the presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of a
pathologic condition
9.
Phenylketonuria—this
is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid,
phenylalanine. Resulting high levels of phenylalanine can lead to mental
retardation
10.
Bilirubin—this
pigment substance, which results from hemoglobin breakdown, may be present in
the urine of patients with liver disease
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