Absorption—passage
of materials such as digested food passes through the lining cells or
epithelium walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
Absorption—Passage
of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
Achalasia—failure
of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax. It results from the
loss of peristalsis so that food cannot pass easily through the esophagus.
Achalasia—Failure
of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus and
loss of peristalsis occurs.
Achlorhydria—absence
of gastric juice is associated with gastric carcinoma
Achlorhydria—Absence
of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
Amino acid—small
building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when protein are
digested
Amino acids—The
chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein
synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large proteins molecules are digested.
Amylase—enzyme
secreted by the pancreas and salivary gland to digest starch
Amylase—The
enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance.
Anal fistula—Abnormal
tube-like passageway near the anus.
Anal fistula—abnormal
tube-like passageways near the anus. The fistula often results from a break or
fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum or from an abscess there
Anastomosis—An
opening between two tubular organs.
Anorexia nervosa—loss
of appetite associated with emotional problems such as anger, anxiety and
irrational fear of weight gain. It is an eating disorder
Anorexia—lack of
appetite, often a sign of malignancy or liver disease.
Anorexia—Lack of
appetite.
Antrectomy—removal
of the distal half of the stomach
Antrum—lower
portion of the stomach
Anus—terminal end
or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
Anus—The opening
of the rectum to the outside of the body.
Aphthous stomatitis—inflammation
of the mouth with small, painful ulcers which is commonly called canker sores.
Aphthous stomatitis—Inflammation
of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores.
Appendectomy—Appendectomy
is the surgical removal of the appendix. The appendix is a worm-shaped hollow
pouch attached to the cecum, the beginning of the large intestine
Appendectomy—Removal
or excision of the appendix.
Appendicitis—Appendicitis
is an inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis—Inflammation
of the appendix.
Appendix—blind
hangs from the cecum into the RLQ. It has no clear function and can become
inflamed and infected when clogged or blocked.
Appendix—Small,
slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen.
Ascending colon—extends
from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver, where it turns to the left
hepatic flexure to become the transverse colon
Ascites—Abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
Ascites—abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. This condition occur when fluid passes
through bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity. It can be a sign of
neoplasm or inflammatory disease in an abdomen.
Bile—digestive
juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks large
globules; bile originally was called gall, probably because it has a bitter
taste. It is compose of bile pigments. Contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile
acid, and several bile pigments. It has a detergent-like effect on fat in the
dueodenum. Without bile, most of the fat taken into the body remains undigested
Bile—Yellow or
organ fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels
from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.
Biliary—Pertaining
to bile or affecting the bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small
intestine (duodenum).
Biliary—the
biliary tract includes the organs (liver and gallbladder) and ducts (hepatic,
cystic and common bile ducts) that secretes, store and empty bile into the
duodenum.
Bilirubin-- One of
the three pigments, it is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during
normal red blood cell destruction. It travels via the bloodstream to the liver,
where it is conjugated or converted into a water-soluble form. It is then conjugated bilirubin added to the
bile and enters the intestine (duodenum). Bacteria in the colon degrade
bilirubin into a variety of pigments that give feces a brownish colour.
Bilirubin and bile then leave the body in feces. Pigment released by the liver
in the bile
Bilirubin—A
yellow-orange pigment found in bile.
Body—middle
section of the stomach
Bolus—mass of
food
Borborygmus—Rumbling
or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in
the gastrointestinal tract.
Borborygmus—rumbling
or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid or both in the
gastrointestinal tract. A sign of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborgmi
(bowel sounds) are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea
Bowel Intestine—The
large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
Bowel--intestine
Buccal dental arch—surface
faces the cheek
Buccal mucosa—mucosa
is a mucous membrane lining cavities or canals that open to the outside of the body
Buccal mucosa—Mucous
membrane lining the cheek.
Calculi—also
called stone. An abnormal stone formed in body tissues by an accumulation of
mineral salts. Calculi are usually found in biliary and urinary tracts. Kinds
of calculi include biliary calculus and renal calculus. (In dentistry) also
called tartar. A deposit of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and organic
matter that accumulates on the teeth or a dental prosthesis
Canineteeth—Four
point, dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third
from the midline of the jaw.
Cecal—pertaining
to the cecum
Cecal—Pertaining
to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
Cecum—First part
of the large intestine (colon).
Cecum—first part
of the large intestine, a pouch on the ride side that connects the ileum at the
ileocecal valve (sphincter).
Celiac—Pertaining
to the abdomen.
Celiac—relating
to the abdomen or abdominal cavity, abdomen/o and lapar/o also means abdomen.
With combining forms that have the same basic meaning, no rule exists for the
proper usage of one or the other.
Cementum—covers,
protects, and supports the dentin in the root
Cheeks—form the
wall of the oval-shaped oral cavity and lips
surround the opening to the cavity
Cheilitis—Inflammation
of the hip.
Cheilosis—A
disorder of the lips often due to riboflavin deficiency and other B-complex
vitamin deficiencies and characterized by fissures, especially in the corners
of the mouth
Cholecystectomy—A cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of
the gallbladder. The two basic types of this procedure are open cholecystectomy
and the laparoscopic approach. It is estimated that the laparoscopic procedure
is currently used for approximately 80% of cases.
Cholecystectomy—Excision
or removal of the gallbladder.
Choledochojejunostomy—Anastomosis
between the common bile duct and the jejunum
Choledochojejunostomy—Surgical
anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the
jejunum.
Choledocholithiasis—Abnormal
condition of stones in the common bile duct.
Choledocholithiasis—The
presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct
Choledochotomy—incision
into the common bile duct
Choledochotomy—Incision
of the common bile duct.
Cholelithiasis—Abnormal
condition of forming gallstones.
Cholelithiasis—Abnormal
condition of gallstones.
Cholelithiasis—gallstone
in the gallbladder. Calcus prevent bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile
ducts. Symptoms related to gallbladder stones are either biliary colic (pain
from blocked ducts) or cholecystitis (inflammation and infection of the
gallbladder
Cholelithiasis—The
presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
Cirrhosis—chronic
degenerative disease of the liver
Cirrhosis—Chronic,
degenerative disease of the liver.
Cirrhosis—venous
hypertension caused by liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a chronic degenerative
disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar
tissue.
Colon—Portion of
the large intestine about 5 feet long, has four named segments; ascending,
descending, transverse and sigmoid.
Colonic—
pertaining to the colon
Colonic polyposis—Benign
growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon.
Colonic polyps—polyps
protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon. There two types of polyps:
pedunculated polyps attached to the membrane by a stalk. Sessile polyps sitting
directly on the mucous membrane shows multiple polyps of the colon. Many polyps
are premalignant (adenomatous polyps)
Colonic—Pertaining
to the colon.
Colon—Large
intestine (bowel).
Colonoscopy—Visual
endoscopic examination of the colon.
Colonscopy—Colonoscopy
is a medical procedure where a long, flexible, tubular instrument called the
colonoscope is used to view the entire inner lining of the colon (large
intestine) and the rectum.
Colorectal cancer—adenocarcinoma
of the colon or rectum, or both. It can arise from polyps in the colon or
rectal region
Colorectal cancer—Adenocarcinoma
of the colon or the rectum or both.
Colostomy—an
opening to the outside the body. Ostomy is a surgical procedure used to create
an opening for urine and feces to be released from the body. Colostomy refers
to a surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine is brought
through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body.
Colostomy—New
opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
Common bile duct—carries
bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the
choledochus
Common bile duct—Tube
carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small
intestine.
Constipation—Difficulty
in passing (eliminating) feces (stool).
Constipation—difficulty
in passing tools. When peristalsis is slow, stools are hard and dry. Laxative
and cathartics are medications to promote movements of stool
Crohn disease—chronic
inflammation of the intestinal tract. It can occur anywhere but most commonly
in the ileum and the colon. Both crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are forms
of inflammatory bowel disease.
Crohn disease—Inflammatory
bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss.
Crown—a tooth
consist of crown above the gum line
Cystic duct—lead
to gallbladder
Defecation—Eliminating
of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.
Defecation—the
expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus, diarrhea, or
passage of watery stool, results from reduced water absorption into the
bloodstream through the wall of the large intestine. Eliminating feces from the
digestive tract through the anus
Deglutition—swallowing,.
When swallowing occurs, a cartilaginous flap of the tissue, the epiglottis,
covers the trachea so that food cannot enter and become lodged there
Deglutition—Swallowing.
Dental caries—tooth
decay, dental plaque results from the accumulation of foods, protein from
saliva and necrotic debris on the tooth enamel
Dental—caries
Tooth decay.
Dentibuccal—pertaining
to the cheek and teeth
Dentibuccal—Pertaining
to the cheek and teeth.
Dentin—primary
found in teeth. The main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and
extends throughout the crown. Dentin is yellow and composed of bony tissue that
is softer than enamel
Dentin—The chief
substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.
Dentists—refer to
the labial and buccal surfaces as the facial surface
Diarrhea—frequent
passage of loose, watery stools, may lead to dehydration
Diarrhea—Frequent
passage of loose, watery stools.
Digestion—it is a
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms that occurs in mouth, stomach and
small intestine.
Digestion—The
process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be
absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
Digestive enzymes—it
speeds up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients.
Complex proteins are digested to simpler amino acids, complicated sugars are
reduced to simple sugars such as glucose; and large fats or lip molecules are
broken down to simpler substances such as fatty acids and triglycerides. Fat
molecules are absorbed into lymphatic vessels from the intestine
Digestive or
gastrointestinal tract—begin with mouth (oral cavity) , where food enters,
and end with the anus, where solid waste material leaves the body. The four
functions of the system are ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
Diverticula—Small,
pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the
colon.
Diverticulitis—Inflammation
of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.
Diverticulosis—Abnormal
condition of diverticula without inflammation.
Diverticulosis—abnormal
outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon. Diverticulitis
is a complication of diverticulosis. When fecal matter becomes trapped in
diverticula, diverticulitis can occur.
Duodenal—pertaining
to the duodenum
Duodenal—Pertaining
to the duodenum.
Duodenum—first
part of the small intestine. The duodenum measure 12 inches
Duodenum—The
first part of the small intestine.
Dysentery—Painful
inflammation of the intestines, usually the colon.
Dysentery—painful,
inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection. Often occur is the
colon. And results from ingestion of food or water containing bacteria
(salmonellae or shigellae), amebae (one-celled organism) or viruses.
Dysphagia—Difficulty
in swallowing.
Dysphagia—difficulty
in swallowing. This sensation feels like a “lump in the throat’’ when a
swallowed bolus fails to progress.
Elimination—act
of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of
indigestible materials as feces. The large intestine concentrates these feces
and it finally passes out of the body through anus
Elimination—Discharge
from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.
Emulsification—a
process where bile breaks apart large fat globules into smaller globules,
creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the
fats.
Emulsification—Breakdown
of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
Enamel—the
outermost protective layer of the crown protects the tooth. It is dense, hard
and white substance—the hardest substance in the body
Enamel—White,
compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the
tooth.
Endodontist—A
dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth.
Endodontist—peforms
root canal therapy. A dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
disorders affecting the inside structures of the tooth
Enterocolitis--
inflammation of the small intestine and colon
Enterocolitis—Inflammation
of the small intestine and colon.
Enterocolostomy—New
surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon;
anastomosis.
Enteroenterostomy—new
opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine. This
is an anastomosis, which is any surgical connection between two parts, such as
vessels, ducts or bowel segments.
Enzyme—chemical
that speeds up a reactions between substances. Digestive enzymes breakdown
complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in - ase
Enzyme—Protein
that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means
enzyme.
Eructation—Gas
expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
Eructation—gas
expelled from the stomach through the mouth. It produces a characteristics
sound and also is called belching
Esophageal cancer—malignant
tumor of the esophagus. Long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric
reflux is a premalignant condition called Barrett esophagus
Esophageal varices—swollen,
varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
Esophageal—pertaining
to the esophagus
Esophageal—Pertaining
to the esophagus.
Esophageal—varices
Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
Esophagus—9-10
inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
Esophagus—Tube
that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
Etiology—cause of
the illness and treatment
Etiology—study of
the cause of disease.
Facial—pertaining
to or directed toward the face
Facial—Pertaining
to the face.
Fattyacids—substances
produced when fats are digested. Fatty acids are the category of lipids.
Fattyacids—Substances
that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form
fat.
Feces—Solid
wastes; stools.
Fecus—solid
wastes, stool
Flatus—gas
expelled through a anus. Flatulence is the presence of excessive gas in the
stomach and the intestine
Flatus—Gas
expelled through the anus.
Functions of liver—maintaining
normal blood glucose level, removes excess glucose from the bloodstream and
stores it as glycogen (starch) in liver cell. manufacturing blood proteins, particularly
those necessary for blood clotting. Releasing bilirubin. Removing poison
(toxin) from the blood
Fundus—upper
portion of the stomach
Gallbladder—a
pear-shaped sac under the liver, which stores and concentrates the bile for
later use. After meal, in response to the presence of the food, the gall
bladder contracts forcing the bile out the cystic duct into the common bile
duct.
Gallbladder—Small
sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored.
Gastric cancer—malignant
tumor of the stomach. Chronic gastritis associated with bacterial infection is
a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma
Gastric carcinoma—Malignant
tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer.
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD)—solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.
Heart burn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric
acid from the stomach to the esophagus. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa
to gastric acid and pepsin (an enzyme that digest protein) leads to reflux
esophagitis
Gastroesophageal—reflux
Backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of disease movement.
Gastrointestinaltract—The
tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth
and ending with the anus.
Gastrojejunostomy—New
surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The
procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
Gastrojejunostomy—this
is a part of a gastric bypass procedure. The surgical formation of a direct
communication between the stomach and the jejunum
Gastrostomy—New
opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
Gastrotomy—incision
into the stomach
Gingivectomy—a
periodontist uses a metal instrument to scrape away plaque from the teeth
Gingivitis—Inflammation
of gums.
Gingivitis—inflammation
of the gingiva
Gluconeogenesis—a
process in which the liver can convert proteins and fats into glucose, when the
body needs sugar.
Gluconeogenesis—liver
cells make sugar from fats and proteins
Gluconeogenesis-Process of producing new sugar from fats and
proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
Glucose—simple
sugar
Glucose—Simple
sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
Glycogenolysis— a
process, when the in blood sugar level becomes low, the liver converts stored
glycogen into the glucose again
Glycogenolysis—Breakdown
of glycogen to release sugar.
Glycogenolysis—liver
cells change glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar level drop
Glycogen—Storage
form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis)
in liver cells.
Gums—fleshy
tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
Hard palate—forms
the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
Hematochezia—bright
red cell blood found in the feces from the rectum due to colitis or ulcers or
polyps in the colon or rectum
Hematochezia—Passage
of bright red blood from the rectum.
Hemorrhoids—Swollen,
twisted varicose veins in the rectal region.
Hemorrhoids—swollen,
twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region. Pregnancy and chronic
constipation often cause hemorrhoids.
Hepaticojejunostomy
and gastrojejunostomy—reconstruction consists of pancreatojejunostomy
Hepatoma--a tumor
of the liver. Also called hepatocellular carcinoma
HepatomaTumor--(malignant)
of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatomegaly—Enlargement
of the liver.
Hepatomegaly—The
abnormal enlargement of the liver. Also called megalohepatia
Hernia—protrusion
of an organ or part through the tissue and muscles normally containing it.
Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of stomach produces upward through
diaphragm, which can lead to GERD. Inguinal hernia occurs when a small loop of
bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue (fascia) surrounding
muscles. A direct inguinal hernia occurs through the abdominal wall in an area
of muscular weakness. An indirect inguinal hernia occurs through the inguinal
canal, where the herniated tissue descended into the scrotal sac
Herpetic stomatitis—inflammation
of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful fluid-filled
blisters on the lips, palate, gums and tongue, commonly called fever blisters
or cold sores
Hydrochloricacid
–strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.
Hydrochloric acid—substance
produced by the stomach, necessary for digestion of food
Hyperbilirubinemia—excess
of bilirubin in the blood; classified as conjugated or unconjugated, according
to the predominant form of bilirubin present.
Hyperbilirubinemia—High
levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
Hyperglycemia—abnormally
increased content of glucose in the blood
Hyperglycemia—High
levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus.
Hypoglossal—Pertaining
to under the tongue.
Hypoglossal—relating
to the area under the tongue
Idiopathic—self-originated;
occurring without known cause
Ileitis—Inflammation
of the ileum (third part of the small intestine).
Ileitis—inflammation
of the ileum.
Ileocecalsphincter—Ring
of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large
intestine).
Ileocecal sphincter—The
bilabial prominence of the terminal ileum into the large intestine at the
cecocolic junction in cadavers; it appears as a truncated cone with a
star-shaped orifice in the living. Also called ileocolic valve.
Ileostomy—Surgical
construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body
through the abdominal wall.
Ileostomy—surgical
creation of an opening into the ileum, with a stoma on the abdominal wall
Ileum—Third (and
final) portion of the small intestine.
Ileum—third part
of the small intestine; from the Greek eilas, meaning twisted. When the abdomen
was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted.
Ileus—loss of
peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. Surgery, trauma or
bacterial injury to the peritoneum can lead to a paralytic ileus
Incisor—any one
of four front teeth in the dental arch
Incisor—One of
the four front teeth on either jaw.
Inflammatory bowel
disease—inflammation of the colon and small intestine involves structural
abnormalities
Insulin—hormone
produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transport sugar from the
blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
Insulin—Hormone
secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of
sugar from the blood into body cells.
Intussusception—telescoping
of the intestines, in this condition one segment of the bowel collapses into
the opening of another segment. A barium enema can diagnose and may
successfully reduce the intussusception
Irritable bowel
syndrome—group of GI symptoms but without abnormalities in the intestine.
Other names of IBS are irritable colon and spastic colon. IBS is a type of
functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID)
Jaundice (icterus)—if
the bile duct is blocked or the liver is damaged and unable to excrete
bilirubin into the bile, the bilirubin remains in the bloodstream, causing
jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) or excssive destruction of erythrocytes causes
bilirubin in the blood, and malfunction of liver cells due to liver disease
prevents liver from excreting bilirubin with bile. Yellow discoloration of the
skin, whites in the eye and mucous membranes
Jejunum—Second
part of the small intestine.
Jejunum—second
part of the small intestine. This part of the intestine was always empty when a
body was examined after death
Labial—in dental
anatomy, pertaining to the tooth surface that faces the lip.
Labial—Pertaining
to the lip.
Laparoscopy—a
form of minimally invasive surgery. Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure
in which a small incision is made, usually in the navel, through which a
viewing tube (laparoscope) is inserted. The viewing tube has a small camera on
the eyepiece. This allows the doctor to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs
on a video monitor connected to the tube. Other small incisions can be made to
insert instruments to perform procedures. Laparoscopy can be done to diagnose
conditions or to perform certain types of operations. It is less invasive than
regular open abdominal surgery (laparotomy).
Laparoscopy—Laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through
small abdominal incisions.
Large intestine
(large Bowel)—extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It has three
component; the cecum, the colon and the rectum. It receives fluid waste
products of digestion and store these wastes until they can be released from
the body. Because of large intestine absorbs most of the water within the waste
material, the body can expel solid feces
Liable dental arch—surface
faces the lips
Lingual dental arch—surface
faces the tongue
LipaseEnzyme--(-ase)
that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the
duodenum.
Lipase—enzymes
speed up chemical reaction. Lipase aids in the digestion of fats. In all types
of liver disease, liver enzymes levels may be elevated, indicating damage to
the liver cells. Signs include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice and
abdominal pain
Lipase—pancreatic
enzymes necessary to digest fats
Lipoma—a benign,
soft, rubbery, encapsulated tumor of adipose tissue, usually composed of mature
fat cells
Lithogenesis—Formation
of stone (calculi).
Lithogenesis—The
formation of calculi.
Liver, gallbladder
and pancreas—three important additional organs of the digestive system,
play crucial roles in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
Liver—Large,
reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It
secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars.
Liver—located in
the RUQ of the abdomen, manufactures a thick, orange-black, sometimes greenish,
fluid called bile. The liver continuously releases bile, which then travel
through the hepatic duct and cystic duct. It stores sugar, iron and vitamins
produce blood protein, destroy worn-out red blood cells, and filters out toxin
Lower esophageal
sphincter—Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
Lower esophageal
sphincter—rings of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach, also
called cardiac sphincter that relaxes and contracts to move from food the
esophagus into the mucous membrane
Mastication—chewing
Mastication—Process
of chewing.
Melena—black,
tarry stool; feces containing digested blood. A positive test on stool guaiac
testing indicates blood in the stool.
Mesentery—Membrane
that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small
intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall.
Mesentery—part of
the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen,
the mesentery holds the organs in place. Literally, it lies in the middle of
the intestines, a membrane attaching the intestines to the muscle wall at the
back of the abdomen. The omentum and mescolon are the parts of mesentery. It
contains blood and lymph vessels. The lymph node in the mesentery is important
indicators in the spread of colon cancer.
Molar teeth—sixth,
seventh and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars
Molar—teeth
Sixth, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental
arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
Nausea—unpleasant
sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit. It may be a sign
of a perforation (hole in the wall) of abdominal organs.
Obstruction—obstruction
and bacterial infection cause red, swollen and inflamed appendix.
Oral leukoplakia—white
plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
Oral—pertaining
to the mouth
Oral—pertaining
to the mouth.
Oral—pertaining
to the mouth; taken through or applied in the mouth
Orthodontist—a
dentist who specializes in orthodontic
Orthodontist—Dentist
specializing in straightening teeth.
Palate—roof of
the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palates and is supported
by the upper jawbone. The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the
mouth and the throat
Palate—Roof of
the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the
posterior fleshy part near the throat.
Palatopharynboplasty—used
to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstruction in the throat or
nose
Palatopharyngoplasty—A
procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions
in the throat or nose.
Palatoplasty—Surgical
repair of the palate.
Palatoplasty—the
surgical repair of palatal defects
Pancreas Gland—under
and behind and the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone
insulin to transport sugar to cells.
Pancreas—Organs
under the stomach that secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes) that are released
into the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct just as it
enters the duodenum. It is both an exocrine and endocrine organ. As an exocrine
organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch such as amylase to digest fat, such
as lipase and to digest proteins such as protease. These pass into the duodenum
through the pancreatic duct. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes
insulin. This hormone, needed to help release sugar from the blood, acts as a
carrier to bring glucose into cells of the body to be used for energy
Pancreatic cancer—malignant
tumor of the pancreas. It often occurs in the head of the pancreas. The
standard surgical treatment is a pancreatoduodenectomy (whipple procedure)
Pancreatitis—Inflammation
of the pancreas.
Pancreatitis—inflammation
of the pancreas. Digestive enzymes attack the pancreatic tissue and damage the
gland.
Pancreatitis—Pancreatitis
is an inflammation of the pancreas, an organ that is important in digestion.
Pancreatitis can be acute (beginning suddenly, usually with the patient
recovering fully) or chronic (progressing slowly with continued, permanent
injury to the pancreas)
Pancreatoduodenectomy—removal
part of the pancreas and duodenum
Papillae—Small
elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
Papillae—small
raised/elevations areas on the tongue contain taste buds that are sensitive to
the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as
food moves across the tongue. Pepsin—begins digestion of proteins. It is a
nipple-like elevation
Parenteral—an
intravenous line brings parenteral nutrition directly into the bloodstream, by
passing the intestinal tract (enteral nutrition). Parenteral injections may be
subcutaneous or intramuscular as well.
Parenteral—Pertaining
to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by
intravenous injection.
Parotid gland—salivary
gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
Parotidgland—Salivary
gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
Peptic ulcer—opens
sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. A bacterium, helocobacter pylori
is responsible for this ulcer. The combination of bacteria, hyperacidity, and
gastric juice damages epithelial linings
Perianal—Pertaining
to surrounding the anus.
Perianal—pertaining
to the area around the anus
Periodontal disease—inflammation
and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone. Gingivitis occurs as a
result of accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tarter
(yellow-brown calcified deposit on teeth).
Periodontal membrane—surrounds
the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
Periodontist— a
dentist who specializes in treating the supporting structures of the teeth/
periodontics
Periodontist—Dentist
specializing in treating the gums.
Peristalsis—an
involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscle in the wall of the
esophagus (tubular organs) propelling a bolus down toward the stomach. The
process is like squeezing a marble through a rubber tube. It moves the contents
through at different rates.
Peristalsis—Rhythm-like
contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular
structures.
Peritonitis—inflammation
of the peritoneum
Peritonitis—Inflammation
of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis—Peritonitis
is an inflammation of the membrane which lines the inside of the abdomen and
all of the internal organs. This membrane is called the peritoneum.
Pharyngeal—pertaining
to the pharynx
Pharyngeal—Pertaining
to the pharynx or throat.
Pharynx—it is a muscular
tube, about 5 inches long, lined with a mucous membrane. It serves as a passage
way both for air traveling from the nose to the trachea and for food traveling
from the oral cavity to the esophagus
Pharynx—Throat;
the common passageway for food from the mouth.
Portal vein—brings
blood to the liver from the intestines, digested food pass into the portal vein
directly being absorbed into the capillaries of the small intestine, thus
giving the liver first chance to use the nutrients.
Portalvein—Large vein
bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
Postprandial—After
meals.
Postprandial—post
cibum (p.c.) also means after meal
Premolar teeth—Either
of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in
front of the molars
Proctologist—a
physician who specializes in proctology
Proctologist—Specialist
in the study of the anus and the rectum.
Protease—Any of
various enzymes, including the proteinases and peptidases, that catalyze the
hydrolytic breakdown of proteins.
Protease—enzyme
that digests protein
Protease—Enzyme
that digests protein.
Pulp—lies
underneath the dentin (tooth). This soft and delicate tissue fills the center
of the tooth. Blood vessels, nerve ending, connective tissue and lymphatic
vessels are within the pulp canal, also called root canal. The root canal
therapy is necessary when disease or abscess occurs in the pulp canal. It
contains nerves and blood vessels.
Pulp—Soft tissue
with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
Pyloricsphincter—Ring
of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
Pyloric-sphincter—rings
of the muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally
closed but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
Pyloroplasty—Pyloroplasty
is an elective surgical procedure in which the lower portion of the stomach,
the pylorus, is cut and resutured, to relax the muscle and widen the opening
into the intestine. Pyloroplasty is a treatment for high-risk patients for
gastric or peptic ulcer disease. A peptic ulcer is a well-defined sore on the
stomach where the lining of the stomach or duodenum has been eaten away by
stomach acid and digestive juices
Pyloroplasty—surgical
repair of the pyloric sphincter.
Pylorus—Distal
region of the stomach near the duodenum.
Pylorus—distal
region of the stomach, opening in the duodenum
Pyorrhea—periodontitis;
an advance stage of periodontal disease (gingivitis). Purulent inflammation of
the gums and tooth sockets, often leading to loosening of the teeth
Rectocele—Hernia
of the wall of the rectum.
Rectocele—hernial
protrusion of part of the rectum into the vagina
Rectum—Final
section of the colon.
Rectum—last
section of the large intestine, terminates in the lower opening of the
gastrointestinal tract (colon), the anus
Regurgitating—flowing
backward from the normal direction
Root—a tooth part
lies within the bony tooth socket
Rugae—Folds or
creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.
Rugae—irregular
ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate.
Folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach. It increases surface area of
digestion and contain digestive glands that produce enzyme pepsin and
hydrochloric acid
Rugae—ridges on
the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
Saliva—Enzyme-containing
digestive juice secreted by salivary glands.
Salivary glands—Three
pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands,
sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
Salivaryglands—three
pairs of these glands surround and empty into the oral cavity. These exocrine
glands produce saliva. Parotid, sublingual and submandibular gland
Saliva—which
lubricants the mouth contains important digestive enzymes as well as healing
growth factors such as cytokines. It is released from parotid gland,
submandibular gland and sublingual gland on both sides of the mouth.
Sialadenitis—inflammation
of a salivary gland
Sialadenitis—Inflammation
of a salivary gland.
Sialolith—a
calcareous concretion or calculus in the salivary ducts or glands, usually the
submaxillary gland and its duct.
Sialolith—Salivary
gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct.
Sigmoidcolon—Distal,
lower end of the colon.
Sigmoid colon—fourth
and last, shaped like an S of the colon, just before the rectum, begins at the
distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum
Sigmoidoscopy—Sigmoidoscopy
is a procedure by which a doctor inserts either a short and rigid or slightly
longer and flexible fiber-optic tube into the rectum to examine the lower
portion of the large intestine (or bowel)
Sigmoidoscopy—Visual
endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
Smallintestine(small
Bowel)—it extends for 20 feet from the pyloric sphincter to the first part
of the large intestine. It has three parts, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Soft palate—lies
posterior to the roof of the mouth
Sphincter—Circular
ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
Sphincters—circular
rings of muscle that control the openings into and leading out of the stomach.
They prevent food from regurgitating.
Stages of appendix—obstruction
and bacterial infection cause red, swollen and inflamed appendix, pus and
bacteria invade the wall of the appendix, pus perforate the wall of the
appendix into the abdomen, leading to peritonitis
Stealorrhea—fats
in the feces; frothy, foul smelling fecal matter
Steatorrhea—Discharge
of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
Steatorrhea—improperly
digested (malabsorbed) fats will appear in the feces
Stomach—muscular
organ that receive food passes from the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach
has three main parts, fundus, body and antrum. It prepares food for the small
intestine, where further digestion and absorption into the bloodstream take
place
Stoma—is an opening
between an organ and the surface of the body
Stomatitis—Inflammation
of the mouth.
Stomatitis—Inflammation
of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve
the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word
"stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth.
Sublingual—hypoglossal;
beneath the tongue
Sublingual—Pertaining
to under the tongue.
Submandibular—Pertaining
to under the lower jaw (mandible).
Teeth—there are
32 permanent teeth in the entire oral cavity
Tongue—extends
across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower
jawbone. It moves food around during chewing and swallowing
Tonsils—masses of
lymphatic tissue located in depression of the mucous membranes, lies both sides
or the oropharynx. They are filters to protect the body from the invasion of
microorganism and produce lymphocytes, the disease-fighting white blood cells
Transverse colon—it
passes through horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward
(splenic flexure) into the descending colon
Triglycerdes—fat
molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol. It is a
subgroup of lipids. Another type is cholesterol
Triglycerides—Chief
form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids
and one molecule of glycerol.
Trocars—are used
to puncture and enter the abdomen
Ulcerative colitis—chronic
inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
Uvula—a small
soft tissue projection hangs from the soft palate. It aids production of sounds
and speech
Uvula—Small,
fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
Uvulectomy—Removal
(excision) of the uvula.
Uvulectomy—the
surgical removal of the uvula
Villi—Fingerlike,
microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of
absorption of foods and fluids.
Villi—microscopic
projections that line the walls of the small intestine, the tiny capillaries in
the villi absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessel
Viral hepatitis—inflammation
of the liver caused by a virus. Hepatitis A is viral caused by the hepatitis A
virus (HAV). It’s a benign disorder spread by contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B birus (HBV) and is transmitted by
blood transfusion, sexual contacts/ Hepatitis C is caused by hepattis C virus
(HCV) and transmitted by blood transfusions or needle incoculation
Volvulus—twisting of the intestine on itself
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