Three Functions of the Muscles

Smooth Muscle - Found in the walls of most organs. They carry out the actions that we don't have to think about. (Like breathing, or the expansion and contraction of the lungs)

Skeletal Muscle - This is the most well-know muscle. It is used to move the bones in the body. It is found almost everywhere in the body.

Cardiac Muscle - The function is to keep the heart beating. It is found only in the heart.

Producing Movement, Maintaining Posture and Body Position, Stabilizing Joints and Generating Heat

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

# The right atrium (RA) receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, throughthe superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve intothe right ventricle.

# The right ventricle (RV) pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve
and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs.

# The left atrium (LA) receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary
veins. The blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.

# The left ventricle (LV) receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LVthrough the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body,except the lungs.

# Oxygen-poor blood is returned by the venae cavae to the right atrium and the cycle 

Endocrine System - Abbreviation

NIDDM—non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

LH—luteinizing hormone

IDDM—insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

FSH—follicle stimulating hormone

TSH—thyroid stimulating hormone

TFT—thyroid function test

ß—beta

α—alpha

T4—thyroxine

T3—triiodothyronine

MSH—melanocyte stimulating hormone

FBS—fasting blood sugar

BMR—basal metabolic rate

ACTH—adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH—antidiuretic hormone

NPH—neutral protamine hagedorn

PBI—protein bound iodine

DM—diabetes mellitus

RIA—radioimmunoassay

RAI—radioactive iodine

PTH—parathyroid hormone

PRL—prolactin

GTT—glucose tolerance test

GH—growth hormone

DI—diabetes insipidus

Sense Organs - Abbreviation

AD—Right Ear

AS—Left Ear

AU—Both Ears

OD—Right Eye

OS—Left Eye

OU—Both Eyes

ECCE—Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction

IOL—Intraoccular Lens

ENT—Ear Nose Throat

HEENT—Head Eyes Ears Nose & Throat

PERRLA—Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light & Accomodation

AOM—Acute Otitis Media

BSOM—Bilateral Serous Otitis Media

CSOM—Chronic Serous Otitis Media

PE tube—Pressure Equalization Tubes

ADHD—Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

DT—Delirium Tremors

MDD—Major Depressive Disorder

PTSD—Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

SAD—Seasonal Affective Disorder

OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

TD—Tardive Dyskinesia

Blood System - Abbreviation

Ab—antibody

ABMT—autologous bone marrow transplantation

ABO—four main types of blood -A, B, AB, O

ALL—acute lymphocytic leukemia

ANC—absolute neutrophil count

ASCT—autologous stem cell transplantation

Bands—Immature white blood cells

Baso—basophils

BMT—bone marrow transplantation

CBC—complete blood count

CLL—chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CML—chronic myelogenous leukemia

DIC—disseminated intravascular coagulation

Diff—differential count

EBV—Epstein-Barr virus

Eos—eosinophils

EPO—erythropoietin

ESR—erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Fe—iron

G-CSF—granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GM-CSF—granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

g/dL—gram per deciliter

GVHD—graft-versus-host disease

HCL—hairy cell leukemia

Hct—hematocrit

Hgb, HGB—hemoglobin

H and H—hemoglobin and hematocrit

HLA—human leukocyte antigen

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM—immunoglobulins

Lymphs—lymphocytes

MCH—mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC—mean corpuscular hemoglobin consentration

MCV—mean corpuscular volume

MDS—myelodysplastic syndrome

mm3—cubic millimeter

Mono—monocyte

polys, PMNs, PMNLs—polymorphonuclear leukocytes

PT, pro time—prothrombin time

PTT—partial thromboplastin time

RBC—red blood cell; red blood cell count

sedrate—erythrocyte sedimentation rate

segs—segmented, mature white blood cells

SMAC—Sequential Multiple Analyzer

mL note different way of writing m—microliter

WBC—white blood cells; white blood cell count

WNL—within normal limits

Digestion System - Abbreviation

ABC—aspiration biopsy cytology

alk phos—alkaline phosphatase

ALT—alanine aminotransferase

AST—angiotensin sensitivity

Ba—barium

BE—barium enema

BM—bowel movement

BMI—body mass index

CF—cystic fibrosis

CT—computed tomography

EGD—esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP—endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

GB—gallbladder

GBS—gallbladder series (x-ray studies)

GER—gastroesophageal reflux

GERD—gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI—gastrointestinal

HAV—hepatitis A virus

HBV—hepatitis B virus

HCV—hepatitis C virus

HDV—hepatitis D virus

HEV—hepatitis E virus

IBS—irritable bowel syndrome

LFT—liver function test

NG—nasogastric

PE—physical examination; pulmonary embolism

PTHC—percutaneous transhepatic cholangeography

stat, STAT—immediately

PMH—past medical history

PUD—peptic ulcer disease

RGB—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

R/O—rule out

a.c.—before meals

b.i.d.—twice a day

hs—half strength

h.s.—at bedtime

NPO, n.p.o.—nothing by mouth

pc, p.c.—afer meals

p.o.—by mouth

p.r.n.—as required

qAM—every morning

q.d.—every day

q.h.—every hour

q.2h.—every 2 hours

q.i.d.—four times a day

q.o.d.—every other day

qPM—every evening

t.i.d.—three times a day

Lymphatic System - Abbreviation

HD—hodgkin disease

PI—protease inhibitor

ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

KS—kaposi sarcoma

PCP—pneumocystis pneumonia

HIV—human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS—acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

NHL—non-hodgkin lymphoma

IgG—immunoglobulins

HSV—herpes simplex virus

Urinary System - Abbreviation

ADH—antidiuretic hormone-vasopressin

ARF—acute renal failure

BILI—bilirubin

BUN—blood urea nitrogen

CAPD—continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Cath—catheter, catheterization

CCPD—continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

CKD—chronic kidney disease-serum creatinine and BUN levels rise

Cl—chloride-electrolyte excreted by the kidney

CRCL—creatinine clearance; also known as CrCl or CLcr

CRF—chronic renal failure-progressive loss of kidney function

C&S—culture and sensitivity testing-determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen

Cysto—cystoscopic examination

ESRD—end-stage renal disease

ESWL—extrcorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

GFR—glomerular filtration rate

HCO3---bicarbonate- an electrolyte conserved by the kidney

HD—hemodialysis

IC—interstitial cystitis-chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

K+--potassium-an electrolyte

KUB—kidney, ureter, and bladder

Na+--sodium-an electrolyte

PD—peritoneal dialysis

pH—potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

PKD—polycystic kidney disease

PKU—phenylketonuria

PUL—percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy

RP—retrograde pyelogram

spgr—specific gravity

UA—urinalysis

UTI—urinary tract infection

VCUG—voiding cystourethrogram

Female Reproductive System - Abbreviation

AB—abortion

AFP—alpha-fetoprotein

ASCUS—atypical squamous cells of unknown significance

AUB—abnormal uterine bleeding

BRCA1&2—breast cancer 1 and 2

BSE—breast self-examination

CA—125 protein marker test for ovarian cancer

C-section—cesearian section

CIN—cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CIS—carcinoma in situ

CS—cesarean section

CVS—chorionic villus sampling

Cx—cervix

D&C—dilation & curettage

DCIS—Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

DES—diethylstilbestrol

DUB—dysfunctional uterine bleeding

ECC—endocervical curettage

EDC--estimated date of confinement

EMB—endometrial biopsy

FHR—fetal heart rate

FSH—follicle-stimulating hormone

Ggravida--(pregnant)

GnRH—gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GYN—gynecology

HCG—human chorionic gonadotropin

HDN—hemolytic disease of newborn

HPV—human papillomavirus

HRT—hormone replacement therapy

HSG—hysterosalpingography

IUD—intrauterine device

IVF—in vitro fertilization

LAVH—laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy

LEEP—loop electrocautery excision procedure

LH—luteinizing hormone

LMP—last menstrual period

LSH—laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

Multip—Multipara

OB—obstetrics

OCPs—oral contraceptive pills

Para—2-0-1-2 a womens reproductive history; 2 full term pregnancy, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children.

Pap—test papanicolaou smear

Path—pathology

PID—pelvic inflammatory disease

PMS—premenstrual syndrome

Primip—Primipara

RDS—respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

SLN—biopsy sentinel lymph node biopsy

TAH-BSO—total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

TRAM—flap trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap, used for breast reconstruction

UAE—uterine artery embolization

VH—vaginal hysterectomy

Musculoskeletal System - Abbreviation

AE—above elbow

AK—above knee

BDT—bone density testing

BE—below elbow

BK—below knee

BMD—bone mineral density

C1,C2, etc—first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, etc

Ca—calcium

CTS—carpal tunnel syndrome

DJD--degenerative joint disease

DTR—deep tendon reflex

DXA—dual energy absorptiometry

EMG—electromyogram

FX—fracture

HNP—herniated nucleus polposus

IM—intramuscular

JRA—juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

L1,L2,etc—first lumbar vertebrae, second lumbar vertebrae etc

LLE—left lower extremity

LUE—left upper extremity

MD—muscular dystrophy

NSAID—non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA—osteoarthritis

ORIF—open reduction internal fixation

Orth—orthopedics

RA—rheumatoid arthritis

RLE—right lower extremity

RUE--right upper extremity

T1,T2, etc—first thoracic vertebrae, second thoracic vertebrae etc

THA—total hip arthroplasty

THR—total hip replacement

TKA—total knee arthroplasty

TKR—total knee replacement

Cardio Vascular System - Abbreviation

AAA—abdominal aortic aneurysm

ACE inhibitor—angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

ACLS—advanced cardiac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation

ACS—acute coronary syndrome

ADP—adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack, and strokes and after all stent procedure

AED—automatic external defibrillator

AF, a-fib—atrial fibrillation

AICD—automatic implantable cardioverter- defibrillator

AMI—acute myocardial infarction

ARVD—arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

AS—aortic stenosis

ASD—atrial septal defect

AV, A-V—atrioventricular

AVR—aortic valve replacement

BBB—bundle branch block

BNP—brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure

BP—blood pressure

CABG—coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD—coronary artery disease

CCU—coronary care unit

Cath—catheterization

CHF--congestive heart failure

CK—creatine kinase; released into the bloodstream after injury to the heart or skeletal muscles

CoA—coarctation of the aorta

CPR—cardiopulmonar  resuscitation

CRT—cardia  resynchronization therapy; biventricular pacing

CTNI or CTNT—cardiac troponin-I and cardiac troponin-T; troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury

CV—cardiovascular

DES—drug-eluting stent

DSA—digital subtraction angiography

DVT—deep vein thrombosis

ECMO—extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ECG or EKG—electrocardiography

ECHO—echocardiography

EF—ejection fraction; measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat

EPS—electrophysiology study; electrode catheters are inserted into veins and threaded into the heart and electrical conduction is measured

ETT—exercise tolerance test

ETT-MIBI—exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer scan

HDL—high-density lipoprotein; high blood levels are associated with lower incidence of coronary artery disease

HTN—hypertension (high blood pressure)

IABP—intra-aortic balloon pump; used to support patients in cardiogenic shock

ICD—implantablecardioverter-defibrillator

LAD—left anterior descending (coronary artery)

LDL—low-density lipoprotein

LMWP—low-molecular weight heparin

LV—left ventricle

LVAD—left ventricular assist device

LVH—left ventricular hypertrophy

MI—myocardial infarction

MR—mitral regurgitation

MUGA—multiple-gated acquisition scan; a radioactive test of heart function

MVP—mitral valve prolapse

NSR—normal sinus rhythm

NSTEMI—non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

PAC—premature atrial contraction

PAD—peripheral arterial disease

PCI—percutaneous coronary intervention

PDA—patentductus arteriosus; posterior descending artery

PVC—premature ventricular contraction

SA; S-A node—sinoatrial node

SCD—sudden cardiac death

SOB—shortness of breath

SPECT—single photon emission computed tomography; used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans

SSCP—substernal chest pain

STEMI—ST elevation myocardial infarction

SVT—supraventricular tachycardia; rapid heartbeats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness

Tc—technetium

TEE—transesophageal echocardiography

TGA—transposition of the great arteries

tPA—tissue-type plasminogen activator; a drug used to prevent thrombosis

UA—unstable angina; chest pain at rest or of increasing frequency

VF—ventricular fibrillation

VSD—ventricular septal defect

VT—ventricular tachycardia

WPW—Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; an abnormal ECG pattern often associated with paroxysmal tachycardia