Androgen— A
steroid, testosterone is an androgen. The testes in males and the adrenal
glands in both men and women produce androgen
Aspermia—lack of
semen. One cause of aspermia is retrograde ejaculation as a result of prostate
surgery
Azoospermia—lack
of spermatozoa in the semen. Causes include testicular dysfunction,
chemotherapy, blockage of the epididymis, and vasectomy
Balanitis—an
inflammation usually caused by overgrowth of organisms (bacteria and yeast)
Benign prostate hyperplasia—benign
growth of cells within the prostate gland. A common condition in men older than
60 years old. Urinary obstruction and inability to empty the bladder completely
are symptoms
Brachytherapy—the
placement of radioactive sources, such as seeds, needles, or catheters, in
contact with or implanted into the tumor tissues to be treated for a specific
period. Sources can be temporary or permanent. The rationale for this treatment
is to provide a high absorbed dose of radiation in the tumor tissues and a very
limited absorbed low dose in the surrounding normal tissues.
Bulbourethral glands—pair
of exocrine glands near the male urethra. Lying below the prostate gland, also
secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands
Carcinoma of the
prostate—malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland. This
occurs in men who are older than 50 years. Digital rectal examination can
detect the tumor at a later age, but early detection depends on a
prostate-specific antigen test.
Carcinoma of the
testes ( testicular cancer)—malignant tumor of the testicles. A rare tumor
except in the 15 to 35 years old age group.
Castration—surgical
excision of testicles or ovaries
Chancre—hard
ulcer or sore
Chlamydial infection
or trachomatis—bacterial invasion of the urethra and reproductive tract.
Conjoined (Siamese)
twins—are incompletely separated identical twins
Cryogenic surgery—techniques
for prostate cancer treatment using freezing temperature to destroy cancer
cells
Cryogenic—producing
low temperatures
Cryptorchidism;
cryptorchism—undescended testicles. Orchipexy is performed to bring the testes
into the scrotum. It is associated with high risk for sterility and increased
risk of developing testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism—in
this congenital condition, one or both testicles do not descent, by the time of
birth, into the scrotal sac from the abdominal cavity
Digital rectal
examination—finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine
the prostate gland
Ejaculation—ejection
of sperm and fluid from the male urethra
Ejaculatory duct—tube
through which semen enters the male urethra
Epididymis—one of
the pair of a large tube, tightly coiled at the upper part of each testis where
after formation, sperm cells move through the seminiferous tubules and collect
in ducts. Plural epididymides
Epididymitis—an
inflammation usually caused by bacteria
Erectile dysfunction
(impotence)—inability of the adult male to achieve an erection. Viagra
(sildenafil), Cialis (tadalafil), and Levitra (verdenafil) are drugs that
increase blood flow to the penis, enhancing ability to have an erection
Flagellum (hair-like
process/projection)—it makes the sperm motile and makes it look somewhat
like a tadpole
Fraternal twins—twins
results from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells,
fraternal twins, developing with separate placenta, can be of the same sex of
different sexes and resemble each other or more than ordinary brothers and
sister. It is hereditary; the daughter of mothers of twins can carry the gene
Glans penis—sensitive
tip of the penis. The penis composed of erectile tissue and at its tip expands
to form a soft, sensitive region. Compare to the clitoris in the female
Gonad—testis
Gonococci—berry
shaped bacteria
Gonorrhea—inflammation
of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci. Signs include
dysuria and a yellow, mucopurulent discharge from the male urethra. Greeks name
it gonorrhea, meaning discharge of seed
GreenLight PVP—procedure
uses a green light laser at the end of an endoscope
Herpes genitals—infection
of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus. The usual
clinical presentation us reddening of skin with formation of small,
fluid-filled blister and ulcers
Human papillomavirus
infection—infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital
region by the human papillomavirus. Some cause genital warts and lead to cancer
of cervix as well as cancer in men
Hydrocele—sac of
clear fluid in the scrotum—it may be congenital or occur as a response to
infection or tumors. Hydrocelectomy may be necessary
Hydroectomy—a
procedure, the sac is surgically removed through an incision in the scrotum
Hypospadias—congenital
abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the
penis, instead of at its tip. Occurs in 1 in every 300 males births
Identical twins—result
from fertilization of a single cell by a single sperm. As the fertilized cell
divides and forms many cells, it somehow splits and each part continues
separately to undergo further division, each producing embryo. It has one
placenta and two amniotic sacs; they are always of the same sex and are similar
in form and features
Interstitial cells of
the testes—specialized cells that lie adjacent to the seminiferous tubules
in the testes. These cells produce testosterone and are also called leydig cells
Laser TURP. A
laser treatment to destroy prostate tissue and relieve obstruction
Ligation—tying
and binding off
Nonseminomatous
tumors—embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor.
Oligospermia—decreased
number of spermatozoa in the semen
Orchiectomy—castration
in males. Also called orchidectomy
Orchitis—caused
by injury or by the mumps virus, which also infects the salivary glands
Parenchyma—all body
organs contain it and perform the essential functions of the organ. Organs also
contain supportive, connective, and framework tissue, such as blood vessels,
connective tissues, and sometimes as muscle as well. This supportive tissue is called Stroma (stromal
tissue)
Parenchymal tissue—essential
distinctive cells of an organ. Seminiferous tubules of the testis, which means
that they perform the essential work of the organ. Other cells in the testis,
lying adjacent to seminiferous tubules, are interstitial cells. They manufacture an important male hormone,
testosterone. In the testis, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are
parenchymal
Penile—pertaining
to penis
Penis—the urethra
passes through the penis to the outside of the body. Male external organ of
Penoscrotal—relating
to both penis and scrotum.
Perineum—located
between the anus and the scrotum, at the floor of the pelvic cavity in the
male, is analogous to the perineal region in the female
Phimosis—narrowing
of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis. This procedure can
interfere with urination and cause secretion to accumulate under the prepuce
leading to infection. Treatment is a circumcision
Photoselective
vaporization of the prostate (greenlight PVP)—removal of tissue to treat
benign prostatic hyperplasia using green light laser
Prepuce or foreskin—a
fold skin, covers the glans penis. During a circumcision the foreskin is
removed, leaving the glans penis visible at all times
Prostate gland—exocrine
gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. Lies at the region where the vas
deferens enters the urethra, almost encircling the upper end of the urethra. It
secretes a thick fluid that, as part of semen, aids the motility of the sperm.
The muscular tissue of the prostate aids in the expulsion of fluid during
ejaculation, about 60% ejaculate come from the seminal vesicles and 40 % from
the prostate gland
Prostatectomy—Prostatectomy
refers to the surgical removal of part of the prostate gland (transurethral
resection, a procedure performed to relieve urinary symptoms caused by benign
enlargement), or all of the prostate (radical prostatectomy, the curative
surgery most often used to treat prostate cancer)
Prostatitis—bacterial
(E. coli) prostatitis often is associated with urethritis and infection of the
lower urinary tract
PSA test—measurement
of levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.
PSA—a protein
that is secreted by tumor cells into the bloodstream. The normal PSA level is
4.0 ng/mL or less
Scrotum—a sac enclosing/containing
the testes on the outside of the body, it is lying between the thighs, exposes
the testes to a lower temperature than that of the rest of the body
Semenanalysis—microscopic
examination of ejaculated fluid.
Semen—combination
of fluid (seminal fluid) and spermatozoa, is ejected from the body through the
urethra during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles—paired
sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens
Seminiferous tubules—one
of two to four twisted, curved tubules in each lobule of the testis, in which
spermatogenesis occurs
Seminiferous tubules—the
interior of a testis is composed of a large mass of narrow, coiled tubules,
contain cells that manufacture spermatozoa
Seminoma—most
common tumor, arises from embryonic cells in the testes.
Sexually transmitted
disease—infections transmitted by sexual or other genial contact. Also
known as sexually transmitted infections and venereal disease, occur both in
men and women
Spermatogenesis—low
temperature is necessary for the adequate maturation and development of sperm.
Spermatozoon—sperm
cell is microscopic in volume, only one third of the size of a red blood cell
and less than 1/100,000 the size of the female ovum. It contains relatively
little food and cytoplasm as it lives only 3 to 5 days to travel from its point
of release from the male to where the egg cell lies within the female
reproductive tract. Only one spermatozoon out of 300 million approx. released
during single ejaculation can penetrate a single ovum and result in fertilization
Sperm—composed of
a head region, containing nuclear hereditary material (chromosomes) and tail
region, consisting of a flagellum
Spermolytic—a
substance that destroys sperm
Spirochete—spiral-shaped
bacterium
Stromal tissue—supportive,
connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma, also
called stroma
Syphilis—chronic
STD caused by a spirochete, usually appears on the external genitalia a few
weeks after bacterial infection. Tertiary syphilis includes damage to the
brain, spinal cord and heart. It was known as “great pox” can be congenital in
the fetus if it is transmitted from the mother during pregnancy. Penicillin is
effective for treatment in most cases
Teratoma—a tumor
occurs in the testes or ovaries and is composed of different types of tissue,
such as bone, hair, cartilage, and skin cells. Teratomas in the testes are
malignant
Teratomas—composed
of tissue such as bone, hair, cartilage and skin cells
Testicular—
pertaining to a testis.
Testicular torsion—twisting
of the spermatic cord
Testis—Plural
testes or testicles that develop in the abdomen at about the level of the
kidneys before descending during embryonic development into the scrotum. Latin:
meaning witness
Testosterone—a
hormone secreted by male reproductive system. It is responsible for the
production of the bodily characteristics of the male and for the proper
development of the male gonads (testes) and accessory organs such as prostate
gland and seminal vesicles that secretes fluid to ensure the lubrication and viability
of sperm
Transrectal
ultrasound—guides the precise placement of the biopsy needle
Transurethral
resection of the prostate (TURP)—surgical treatment relieves the urinary
obstruction. In this endoscope (resectoscope) is inserted into the penis and through
the urethra. Prostatic tissue is removed by an electrical hot loop attached to
the resectoscope
Transurethral
resection of the prostate—excision of benign prostate hyperplasia using a
resectoscope through the urethra. This procedure treats benign prostate
hyperplasia.
Tumor marker—A substance,
released into the circulation by tumor tissue, whose detection in the serum
indicates the presence of a specific type of tumor.
Tumors—produce
the proteins hCG and alpha-fetoprotein. Serum levels of these proteins are used
as tumor markers to determine success of treatment
Varicocele—a
collection of varicose veins above the testis
Varicocele—enlarged
dilated veins near the testicle. It may be associated with oligospermia and
azoospermia. On occasion, this lead to an increase in fertility
Vas deferens—also
called ductus deferens. A narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward
the urethra. It 2 feet long and carries the sperm up into the pelvic region, at
the level of urinary bladder, merging with ducts from the seminal vesicles to
form the ejaculatory duct
Vasectomy or
sterilization—the urologists cuts and ties off each vas deferens by making
an incision in the scrotum. It removes a person’s ability to produce or release
reproductive cells. Removal of testicles, vasectomy and oophorectomy are
sterilization procedures
Vasectomy—A
vasectomy is a surgical procedure performed on males in which the vas deferens
(tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles) are cut,
tied, cauterized (burned or seared) or otherwise interrupted. The semen no
longer contains sperm after the tubes are cut, so conception cannot occur. The
testicles continue to produce sperm, but they die and are absorbed by the body.
Vasectomy—bilateral
surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
No comments:
Post a Comment