Musculoskeletal System - Medical Terminology

Abduction—movement away from the midline of the body

Abscess—walled-off area of infection that can be difficult to penetrate with antibiotics.

Acetabular—pertaining to the acetabulum

Acetabulum—thecup or rounded-shaped cavity or socket on the lateral surface of the hip bone or in the pelvis, receiving the head of the femur

Achondroplasia—inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of defect in bone formation and cartilage

Acromion—The outer end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint and forming the highest point of the shoulder, to which the collarbone is attached.  It articulates with the clavicle and gives attachment to part of the deltoid muscles

Adduction—movement toward the midline of the body

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—lou Gehrig disease, muscles deteriorate as a result of degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain

Ankylosing spondylitis—chronic progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of spine

Ankylosis—The stiffening or immobility of a joint resulting from disease, trauma, surgery, or bone fusion

Antricular antibody test—detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases

Arthrodesis—bones are fused across the joint space by surgery

Arthrotomy—incision of a joint

Arthrocentesis—surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space. Synovial fluid is removed for analysis

Arthroplasty—surgical repair or replacement of a joint. Examples are resection arthroplasty, interposition arthroplasty and revision arthroplasty

Arthroscopy—cisual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera

Articular cartilage—smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint. This layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space

Articulation—any type pf joint

Atrophy—decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Bone density test—low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass. Areas of decrease density indicate osteopenia and osteoporosis. Also called dual eneryx ray absorbtionmetry

Bone depression—opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Bone process—enlargement area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Examples are bones head, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle and tuberosity.

Bone—the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts. Examples are long bones, short bones, flat bones and sesamoid bones

Bone scan—uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone for tumors, infection or stress fracture

Bony ankyloses—pathologic union

Bunion—A bunion is an abnormal enlargement of the joint (the first metatarsophalangeal joint, or MTPJ) at the base of the great or big toe (hallux). It is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue underlying bone at the distal/medial aspect of the first metatarsal

Bursa—sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

Bursitis—stress placed on the bursa such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation of bursa

Calcaneal—relating to the calcaneus or heel bone.

Calcaneus—one of the tarsal (hindfoot) bones.Called also heel bone, oscalcis, and fibular tarsal bone.

Calcium phosphate—major calcium salts in bones

Calcium—one of the mineral constituents of bones.

Cancellous bone—spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone. Red bone marrow is found in spongy or cancellous area

Carpal tunnel syndrome—compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist. Caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Carpals—short bones. Any of the bones of the carpus, including the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones

Cartilage—A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue that is a major constituent of embryonic and young vertebrate skeletons, is converted largely to bone with maturation, and is found in various parts of the adult body, such as the joints surfaces, outer ear, and larynx epiphyseal growth plate. The bones of  a fetus are composed of cartilage.

Cast—solid mold of the body part is applied to fractures to immobilize the injured bone after a closed reduction

Cervical vertebrae—first seven bones of the vertebral column, forming the bony aspect of the neck (C1-C7)

Chiropractor—a practitioner who manipulates the patient’s spinal column to relieve pressure on nerves

Chondrocostal—cartilage that is attached to the ribs.Pertaining to the ribs and costal cartilages.

Chondroma—a benign tumor or tumor-like growth of mature hyaline cartilage. It may remain centrally within the substance of a cartilage or bone (enchondroma) or may develop on the surface

Chondromalacia—chondromalacia patellae is a softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecup, resulting in pain.

Clavicle—a long, curved, horizontal bone just above the first rib, forming the ventral portion of the shoulder girdle. It articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the scapula.

Closed reduction—Reductionof a fractured bone by manipulation without incision into the skin

Coccyx—tailbone, is a fused bone, having been formed from four small coccygeal bones

Collagen—dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bones and other tissues. Protein component

Compact bone—hard, dense bone tissue, tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones by a medullary cavity usually found around the outer portion of bones

Coronal suture—the connection across the skull between the two partial bones and the frontal bone

Cranial bones—skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid and temporal

Craniotome—Instrument formerly used for perforation and crushing of the fetal skull

Craniotomy—Surgical removal of part of the skull to expose the brain

Crepitus—A crackling or crunching sound heard when the ends of a fractured piece of bone rub against each other. Crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage

Decalcification—an older term for the loss or removal of calcium salts from calcified tissues. Newer term is demineralization.

Diaphysis—shaft, or mid portion, of a long bone

Disk—flat, round, plate like structure, an intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae

Discography—x ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nuclear pulposus (interior of the disk)

Dislocation—displacement of a bone from its joint

Dorsiflexion—backward or upward bending of the foot

Electromyography—recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

Epiphyseal plate—the epiphyseal plate is an area at the long end of the bone that contains growing bone. As people develop, the bone grows longer as a result of activity inside this area. These plates permit growth after birth, allowing the long bones of the body to extend and a person to grow as he or she reaches maturity. Once growth is completed and the person reaches full maturity and stature, the new bone slowly hardens and the plate turns into the epiphyseal line. Cartilaginous area that the ends of long bones that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows, it is also commonly known as growth plate

Epiphysis—each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate—measure time it takes for erythrocyte to settle to the bottom of a test tube for inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, tumors and infections with chronic infection of bone and soft tissue

Estrogen deficiency—promotes excessive bone resorption and less bone deposition

Ethmoid bone—A light spongy bone contains numerous small hones, located between the eye sockets, forming part of the walls and septum of the superior nasal cavity, and containing perforations for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers.

Ewing sarcoma—rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children at an early age of 5 and 15 years and combine treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Exostosis—a benign bony growth projecting outward from a bone surface. Examples are ostechondromas and bunion

Extension—straightening of a flexed limb

External rotation—away from the center of the body

Facial bone—bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer and zygomatic

Fascia—fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

Femoral—pertaining to the femur or to the thigh

Femur—long bones

Fibular—pertaining to the fibula or to the lateral aspect of the leg

Fibula—the outer, narrower, and smaller of the two bones of the human lower leg, extending from the knee to the ankle, and articulating with the tibia above and the tibia and talus below. Also called calf bone

Flat bones—found covering soft body parts such as skull, shoulder blades, ribs and pelvic bones

Flexion—bending a limb; decreases the angle between bones

Fontanelle—soft spot between the skull bones of an infant, meaning little fountains

Foramen—opening in the mandible that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter and leave

Foramen magnum—the large opening at the lower part of the occipital bone and outlet through which the medulla and spinal cord pass from the skull to the vertebral column

Fracture—a break or rupture in a bone

Frontal bone—forms the forehead. Portion of the skull composed of two parts: the squama, or vertical piece, which forms the forehead, and the horizontal portion, which forms spaces for the eyes and nasal passages

Ganglion cyst—fluid filled sac arising from joint capsule or tendons, typically in the hand.

Gouty arthritis—inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body. Hyperuricemia and podagra

Hallux valgus—another name for bunion

Harversian canals—minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone. A series of canals containing blood vessels lie within the outer dense tissue of bone

Hemarthrosis—extravasation of blood into a joint or its synovial cavity

Herniation of an intervertebral disk—abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves.Commonly referred to slipped disk.

Hip dislocation—disruption of articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis

Humeral—Of, relating to, or located in the region of the humerus or the shoulder

Humerus—The long bone of the arm or forelimb, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Hydrarthrosis—synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint

Hypercalcemia—An abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood.

Hypertrophy—increase in size of an organ or tissue

Hyperuricemia—a congenital defect in the metabolism of uric acid causes too much of it to accumulate in blood, joints and soft tissue near joints

Iliac—Of, relating to, or situated near the ilium

Ilium—The uppermost and widest of the three bones constituting either of the lateral halves of the pelvis

Insertionof a muscle—connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

Interposition arthroplasty—new tissue taken from another place is placed between damaged surface of elbow joint

Internal rotation—toward the center of the body

Ischial—pertaining to ischium.The lowest of the three major bones that constitute each half of the pelvis

Kyphosis—Greek meaning hill or mountain, indicates a hump on the back. Height is reduced and lead to pressure on the spinal cord or peripheral nerves

Labrum—a cuff of cartilage that allows the humerus to move in the glenoid fossa

Lacrimalbones—the two small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye, contain fossae for the lacrimal gland and canals for the passage of the lacrimal duct.

Lamina—bar like thin layer of bone, membrane, or other tissue

Laminectomy—surgical incision into the backbone to gain access to the spinal cord.Performed to relieve the symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerve. It involves removal of the lamia and spinous process

Leiomyoma--a benign tumor derived from smooth muscle, most often of the uterus

Leiomyosarcoma—A malignant smooth muscle tumor which may occur anywhere in the body but is most common in the uterus and GI tract Management Complete surgical excision, if possible

Ligament—connective tissue binding bones to other bones; support, strengthens and stabilizes the joint

Ligamentous—pertaining to or having the characteristics of a ligament

Lordosis—An abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region

Lumbar vertebrae—In human anatomy, the lumbar vertebrae are the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis

Lumbosacral—Lumbosacral Region of the Spine (Lower Back) The spine is composed of 33 interlocking bones called vertebrae.

Lyme disease—type of arthritis marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise, cause is a bacterium carried by a tick. It is often marked by a “bull’s eye” rash at the site of the tick bite. Can affect the nervous system

Malleolar—the medial malleolus is at the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus is at the distal end of the fibula

Malleolus—is the bony prominence on each side of the ankle.

Mandible—in vertebrates, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is a bone forming the skull with the cranium

Mandibular—Relating to the lower jaw

Mastoid process—round process of the temporal bone behind the ear or round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Maxillary—related to the maxilla (upper jaw bone)

Maxilla—The maxillae (plural: maxillae) consist of paired maxillary bones or maxilla or two halves that are fused at the intermaxillary suture to form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mandibular symphysis

Medullary cavity—central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

Meniscus—crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee

Metacarpals—pertaining to intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm

Metacarpectomy—Surgical excision of one or all of the metacarpals

Metaphysis—a region of a growing long bone in which diaphysis and epiphysis converge

Metastatic bone lesions—malignant tumors from other parts of the body such as breasts, prostate, lung gland and kidney that metastasize to bone

Metatarsalgia—pain and tenderness in the metatarsal region

Metatarsal—pertaining to or relating to the metatarsus

Muscle biopsy—removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

Muscular dystrophy—group of inherited disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers, without involvement of the nervous system. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form.

Myalgia—pain in muscle

Myasthenia gravis—Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness. Failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell

Myelopoiesis—The formation of bone marrow or of blood cells derived from bone marrow

Myopathy—any disease of muscle

Myositis—Myositis is a rare disease in which the muscle fibers and skin are inflamed and damaged, resulting in muscle weakness. There are several types of myositis that affect different parts of the body.

Nasal bones—The nasal bone is one of two small, oblong bones that vary in size and form in different individuals. They lie side by side between the frontal processes of the maxillary bones and join to form the bridge of the nose. These bones serve as attachments for the cartilaginous tissues that are mostly responsible for the shape of the nose. They support the bridge of the nose

Neural canal—space through which the spinal cord passes

Occipital bone—The occipital bone, situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. It forms the back and base of the skull

Olecranal—pertaining to Olecranon

Olecranon—large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow

Open fracture—the bone is broken and fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin

Open reduction—a surgical procedure for reducing a fracture or dislocation by exposing the skeletal parts involved.

Origin of muscle—connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

Orthopedics—The medical specialty that deals with preserving, restoring, and developing form and function in the extremities, spine, and other structures using medical, surgical, and physical methods

Osseous tissue—bone tissue, composed of a type of connective tissue

Ossification—process of bone formation

Ostechondromas—a benign bone tumor consisting of projecting adult bone capped by cartilage projecting from the lateral contours of endochondral bones. Or metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates

Osteitis—inflammation of bone

Osteoarthritis—progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. This condition is known as degenerative joint disease.

Osteocyte—bone cells

Osteoblast—bone cell that helps from bony tissue. Immature bones cells are called osteoblasts produced by bony tissue

Osteoclast—bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue. Large bone to digest bone tissue to shape the bone and smooth it out

Osteodystrophy—abnormal development of bone

Osteogenesis imperfect—genetic disorder involving defective development of bones that are brittle and fragile; fractures occur with the slightest trauma

Osteogenic sarcoma—the most common and malignant of bone sarcomas, which arises from bone-forming cells and affects chiefly the ends of long bones. Osteoblasts multiply especially at the ends of long bones just below or above the knee. Metastasis takes place through bloodstream

Osteomalacia—inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy bone; it is the adult equivalent of rickets and accompanies that disorder in children. Known as rickets. Vitamin D is deficient in the diet, which prevent calcium and phosphorus from being absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines

Osteomyelitis—Osteomyelitis refers to a bone infection, almost always caused by a bacteria. Over time, the result can be destruction of the bone itself. If untreated an abscess can occur.

Osteopath/ orthopedist—two physicians who treat bones and bone diseases

Osteopenia—condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal

Osteoporosis—decrease in bone density: thinning and weakening of bone. The interior bones are diminished in structure. Occur in older women as a consequence of estrogen deficiency with menopause

Osteotome—the surgical chisel is designed to cut bone

Parietal bone—two bones on each side of the skull that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

Patella—seasmoid bones

Pelvimetry—measurement of the capacity and diameter of the pelvis

Periosteum— the strong membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

Peroneal—pertaining to the fibula or to the lateral aspect of the leg

Phalangeal—referring to a phalanx or phalanges

Phalanges/ phalanx—the bones of the fingers and toe

Phosphorus—mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

Physiatrist—medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation in restoring patients to functional activity after injuries to bones, nerves and muscles

Plantar flexion—bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground

Podagra—excessive pain in foot toes.

Polyarthritis—inflammation of several joints

Polymyalgia—polymyalgia rheumatic is a syndrome marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for longer than a month

Polymyositis—chronic inflammatory myopathy.Polymyositis is an inflammatory muscle disease causing weakness and pain. Dermatomyositis is identical to polymyositis with the addition of a characteristic skin rash.

Prexia—fever

Pronation—turning the palm downward

Cancellous bone—the slightly movable interpubic joint of the pelvis, consisting of two pubic bones separated by a disk of fibrocartilage and connected by two ligaments

Pubic—pertaining to or situated near the pubes, the pubic bone, or the pubic region

Pubis—pubic bone

Radial—relating to, or near the radius or forearm

Radius—forearm in the line with the thumb

Red bone marrow—found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis; the formation and development of blood cells

Reduction—treatment is restoration of the bone to its normal position

Resection arthroplasty—small portion of bone is removed to repair joint.

Revision arthroplasty—an operation to replace a failing prosthetic joint

Rhabdomyoma—a benign tumor derived from striated muscle; the cardiac form is considered to be a hamartoma and is often associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Rhabdomyosarcoma—a highly malignant tumor of striated muscle derived from primitive mesenchymal cells.

Rheumatoidarthritis—Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and deformity of the joints. Other problems throughout the body (systemic problems) may also develop, including inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis), the development of bumps (called rheumatoid nodules) in various parts of the body, lung disease, blood disorders, and weakening of the bones (osteoporosis).

Reheumatoid factor test—serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumated arthritis

Rheumatologist—A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic disorders

Ribs—one of the 12 pairs of arches of bone forming a large part of the thoracic skeleton. The first seven ribs on each side are called true ribs because they articulate directly with the sternum and vertebrae. The remaining five ribs are called false ribs. The first three attach ventrally to ribs above. The last two are free at their ventral extremities and are called floating ribs. True ribs are also known as vertebrosternal ribs; false ribs as vertebrocostal ribs; and floating ribs as vertebral ribs.

Rickets—disease of infancy and childhood

Rotation—circular movement around the central point

Sacral vertebrae—five separate bones that fuse in children. In adult, the sacrum is a slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone

Sarcopenia—age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly

Scapula—flat bones

Scapular—relating to the shoulder or scapula

Scoliosis—the spinal column is bent abnormally to the side. Spinal deformity in adolescent girls

Seasmoid bone—round small bone covering the knee joint, they increase the efficiency of muscles near particular joint

Sellaturcica—Turkish saddle. Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Serum calcium—measurement of calcium level in serum

Serum creatine kinase—measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum. Normally present in skeletal and cardiac and cardiac muscle.

Shoulderdislocation—disruption of articulation between the head of the hunerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Simplefraction—one that does not produce an open wound in the skin

Sinus/sinuses—hollow air cavity within a bone. Air cavities located in cranial and facial bones to lighten the skill and warm and moisten air as it passes through.

Slipped disk—Herniation of an intervertebral disk

Sphenoid bone—the bone at the base of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone. It resembles a bat with its wings extended behind the eyes. Because it joins with the frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones, it serves as an anchor to hold that skull in bones together.

Spinal stenosis—narrowing of neural canal in the lumbar spine

Spondylolisthesis—the forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra

Spondylosis—degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and restriction of movement

Sprain—trauma to ligaments without rupture

Sternum—A long flat bone, articulating with the cartilages of the first seven ribs and with the clavicle, forming the middle part of the anterior wall of the thorax, and consisting of the corpus, manubrium, and xiphoid process

Strain—an injury involving the overstretching of muscle

Striated muscle—muscle connected the bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle

Styloid process—pole like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Styloid process—projects downwards from the temporal bone

Subcostal—pertaining to below a rib or ribs

Subluxation—partial or incomplete dislocation

Supination—turning the palm upward

Suturejoint—immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull

Synovial cavity—space between bones at a synovial cavity. Contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

Synovial fluid—viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white

Synovial joint—a freely movable joint

Synovial membrane—tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid

Synovitis—Inflammation of the synovium, a membrane found inside joints

Systemic lupus erythematosus—chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs

Talipes—congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus) is a congenital anomaly. Most common form is Talipesequinovarus or club foot.

Talus—the first of the tarsal bone come together to form the ankle

Tarsals—pertaining to a tarsus

Tarsectomy—excision of one or more bones of the tarsus

Temporal bone—the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium. Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible. Bone near the ear and connecting to the lower jaw

Temporomandibular joint—an area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones

Tendinitis—Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon, a tough rope-like tissue that connects muscle to bone

Tendon—connective tissue that binds muscle to bones

Tenorrhaphy—suture of a tendon

Tenosynovitis—inflammation of a tendon sheath

Thoracic vertebrae—12 vertebrae of ribs

Tibial—pertaining to tibia

Tibia—shin bone; the inner and larger bone of the leg below the knee. It articulates with the femur and head of the fibula above and with the talus below

Total knee replacement—total hip arthroplasty or total hip replacement is replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prosthesis that are fastened into the bone

Trabeculae—supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bones

Ulnar—pertaining to ulna

Ulna—the inner and larger bone of the forearm

Uric acid test—measurement of uric acid in serum. High level associated with gouty arthritis

Vertebra—any one of the 33 bones of the spinal or vertebral column that comprises the 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. Composed of the vertebral bod, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina enclosing the neural canal

Vertebroplasty—Stabilization of a fractured vertebral body by injection of a surgical cement

Visceralmuscle—muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

Vomer—the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum

Xiphoid process—lower, narrow portion of the sternum

Yellow bone marrow—fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

Zygomatic bone—cheekbone

Bones and There Common Names

Acetabulum—hip socket

Calcaneus—heel

Carpals—wrist bones

Clavicle—collar bone

Coccyx—tailbone

Cranium—skull

Femur—thigh bone

Fibula—smaller lower leg bone

Humerus—upper arm bone

Ilium—upper part of the pelvic bone

Ischium—posterior part of the pelvic bone

Malleolus—ankle

Mandible—lower jaw bone

Maxilla—upper jaw bone

Metacarpals—hand bones

Metatarsals—midfoot bones

Olecranon—elbow

Patella—kneecap

Phalanges—finger and toe bones

Pubis—anterior part of the pelvic bone

Radius—lower arm bone (thumb side)

Scapula—shoulder blade

Sternum—breastbone

Tarsals-- hind foot bones

Tibia—shin bone (larger of two lower leg bones)

Ulna—lower arm bone (little finger side)

Vertebra—backbone