Abductor—a muscle
that draws a limb away from the body.
Abormal—not
normal; contrary to the usual structure, position, condition, behaviour, or rule
Adductor—a muscle
that draw a limb toward the body
Adrenalgland—these
glands lie on top of each kidney
Anabolism—process
of building large proteins from the small proteins pieces called amino acid
Analysis—separation
into component parts
Anoxia—Anoxia is
a condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a
tissue
Ante cibum—abbr.
(a.c.) before meal
Anomaly—an
irregularity in a structure or organ.
Anteflexion—abnormal
forward bending of an organ or part
Antepartum—before
labor or childbirth
Antibiotic—antibiotics
destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria. Penicillin
was the first antibiotic discovered in immature plants and moulds
Anitbody—protein
substances made by leukocyte produces against an antigen
Antigen—A foreign
body such as virus or bacteria is a substance that produces or stimulates the
production of an antibody.
Antisepsis—Destruction
of pathogenic organisms to prevent infection or an antiseptic substance that
fights infection
Antitoxin—an
antibody, often from an animal such as horse, that act against a toxin. Example
is tetanus antitoxin given against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the
nervous system
Apnea—The
temporary absence of breathing
Autoimmune disease—A
disease resulting from an immune reaction produced by an individual's white
blood cells or antibodies acting on the body's own tissues or extracellular proteins
Benign—non
cancerous
Ben—good
Bifurcation—a
division into two branches. Bifurcation of trachea to form the bronchi. Normal
splitting into two branches
Bilateral—two
sides
Bilirubin—the
hemoglobin produces this chemical pigment when RBCs break down. To prevent
bilirubin from affecting the brain cells of the infant, newborns are treated
with exposures to bright lights (phototherapy) the light decomposes the
bilirubin
Bradycardia—a
slow heart beat less than 60
Catabolism—process
whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substance and energy is
released
Congenitalanomaly
any abnormality present at birth, particularly a structural one, which may be
inherited genetically, acquired during gestation, or inflicted during
parturition. Also called birth
defect. Examples are webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly) heart defects
and clubbed feet. Some are hereditary and some are produced by the factors
presents during pregnancy.
Connectivetissue—Tissue
that supports and binds other tissue; much of it occurs outside of cells Kinds
of connective tissue are bone tissue, cartilage tissue, dense connective
tissue, fibrous tissue, and loose connective tissue.
Contraindication—any
condition that renders a particular line of treatment improper or undesirable.
Contralateral—pertaining
to, situated on, or affecting the opposite side. A stroke affecting the right
side of the brain may case contralateral paralysis affecting the left arm and
foot. The opposite of contralateral is ipsilateral.
Ipsilateral—same
side
Dehydration—Dehydration
is the loss of water and salts essential for normal body function
Dialysis—complete
separation.
Hemodialysis—waste
materials are separated from the blood via a machine when the kidney is no
longer function.
Diameter—a
distance measured connecting two opposite points on the surface of a spherical
or cylindrical body, or at the boundary of an opening or foramen, passing
through the center of such body or opening.
Diarrhea—abnormally
frequent evacuation of watery feces
Dysplasia—abnormality
of development
Dyspnea—difficult
breathing. Often associated with lung or heart disease and resulting in
shortness of breath
Ecto pregnancy—the
fertilized egg implants in a location outside the uterus and tries to develop
there. The word ectopic means "in an abnormal place or position.
Endocardium—The
endothelial lining membrane of the cavities of the heart and the connective
tissue bed on which it lie
Endoscope—An
instrument for examining visually the interior of a bodily canal or hollow
organ such as the colon, bladder, or stomach.
Endotracheal--an
endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the trachea, is used for
giving oxygen
Epithelium—the
cellular covering of internal and external body surfaces, including the lining
of vessels and small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of
cementing substances and is classified according to the number of layers and
the shape of the cells.
Euphoria—feeling
of well being
Euthyroid—normal
thyroid function
Exophthalmos—When
there is an increase in the volume of the tissue behind the eyes, the eyes will
appear to bulge out of the face. The terms exophthalmos and proptosis
apply. Proptosis can refer to any organ that is displaced forward, while
exophthalmos refers just to the eye. Protrusion of the eyeball associated with
enlargement and over activity of the thyroid gland, also called proptosis.
Protrusion of an eyeball
Hemiglossectomy—Surgical
removal of one half of the tongue
Hemolysis—breakdown
of red blood cells
Hyperglycemia—high
blood sugar. Is a sign of diabetic mellitus. Lack of insulin or ineffective
insulin causes high level of sugar in the blood.
Hyperplasia—increase
in cell numbers, hyperplasia is a characteristics of tumor growth exhibit when
work load is increased
Hypertrophy—excessive
nourishment. Increase in size of cell, muscle, cardiac and renal cell.
Hypodermicinjection—A
subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection by means
of a hypodermic syringe and needle
Hypoglycemia—Hypoglycemia
occurs when blood sugar concentrations fall below a level necessary to properly
support the body's need for energy and stability throughout its cells
Incision—the act
of cutting.
Infracostal—Beneath
a rib or the ribs
Insomniac—characteristic
of or occurring during a period of sleeplessness
Intercostal--pertaining
to between ribs. Intercostal muscle lies between adjacent ribs
Intravenous—within
a vein or veins
Immune response—the
reaction between an antigen and an antibody
Macrocephaly—a
congenital anomaly. Unusually large size of the head
Malaise—French
word meaning discomfort. It is a symptom of illness often making upset of a
disease
Malignant—from
the Latin ignis, meaning fire. Cancerous
Metacarpal bones—the
five hands bones lie beyond the wrist bones but before the fingers bones
Phalanges—the
bones of the fingers and toes
Metamorphosis—change
of structure or shape, particularly, transition from one developmental stage to
another, as from larva to adult form. A change in the form and often habits of
an animal during normal development after the embryonic stage.
Metastasis—Transfer
of disease from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected
with it, due either to transfer of pathogenic microorganisms or to transfer of
cells; all malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing. Or to a secondary
location
Microscope—an
instrument used to obtain an enlarged image of small objects and reveal details
of structure not otherwise distinguishable.
Neonatal—the
neonatal period is the interval from birth to 28 days
Neoplasm—tumor;
any new and abnormal growth, specifically one in which cell multiplication is
uncontrolled and progressive. Neoplasms may be benign or malignant.
Pancytopenia—deficiency
of thrombocyte, leukocyte, or erythrocyte
Paralysis—abnormal
disruption of the connection between nerve and muscle, describing the loss of
movement on one side of the body
complete loss of strength in an affected nerve or muscle group.
Greek Paralusis, meaning separation or loosening on one side.
Parathyroid glands—the
four glands are located behind the thyroid glands. They secrete a hormone that
regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissues.
Percutaneous—Performed
through the skin, such as a biopsy; aspiration of fluid from a space below the
skin with a needle, catheter, and syringe; or instillation of a fluid in a
cavity or space by similar means
Pericardium—the
fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and the roots of the great vessels
Periosteum—The thick
fibrous membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except its articular
cartilage and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons
Polymorphonuclear—Having
a lobed nucleus. Used especially of neutrophilic white blood cells
Polyneuritis—Inflammation
of several nerves at one time, marked by paralysis, pain, and muscle wasting.
Also called multiple neuritis
Postmortem—performed or occurring after death
Postpartum—occurring after
childbirth, with reference to the mother
Precancerous--
relating to, or being a condition that typically precedes or develops into a
cancer.
Prenatal—Occurring
or existing before birth, referring to both the care of the woman during
pregnancy and the growth and development of the foetus
Prodrome—An early
symptom indicating the onset of an attack or disease. Many infectious diseases
such as chickenpox or measles are most contagious during the prodromal period.
Prolapse—ptosis;
the falling down, or downward displacement, of a part or viscus
Prosthesis—an
artificial limb is prosthesis. An artificial substitute for a missing body
part, such as an arm, leg, eye, or tooth; used for functional or cosmetic
reasons or both
RecombinantDNA—is
a process of genetically engineered DNA prepared by transplanting or splicing
one or more segments of DNA into the chromosomes of an organism from a
different species. Such DNA becomes part of the host's genetic makeup
and is replicated. It is the process of taking a gene from one
organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism
Polymerasechain
reaction—is a method of producing multiple copies of single genes, an
important tool in recombinant DNA technology. The gene that codes for insulin
is cut out of a human chromosomes and transferred into a bacterium such as
Escherichia coli. A related term to recombinant DNA
Relapse—return of
a disease after recovery
Remission—signs
and symptoms lessens and patient feel better.
Retroflexion—an
abnormal position of an organ, such as uterus, bent or tilt backward
Retroperitoneal—posterior
to the peritoneum
Subcutaneous—beneath
the skin
Suprapubic—Above the pubic bone.
Symbiosis—a mode of living characterized by a close association between organisms of different species
Symmetry--The
correspondence of parts on opposite sides of the body, or equality of parts on
both sides of a dividing line. Equality of parts on opposite sides of the body
Symphysis—fibro cartilaginous
joint; a type of joint in which the opposed bony surfaces are firmly united by
a plate of fibro cartilage. A joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united
by a layer of fibrocartilage
Pubic symphysis—the
line of union of the bodies of the pubic bones in the median plane that have
grown together
Mandible symphysis—two
halves of the lower jawbone which unite before birth
Syndactyly—persistence
of webbing between adjacent digits of the hand or foot, so that they are more
or less completely fused together. A hereditary, congenital anomaly of fingers
or toes
Syndrome—is a
group of signs that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a
disease or inherited abnormality. Examples are Reye syndrome and Marfan
syndrome
Reye Syndrome—characterized
by vomiting, swelling of the brain, hypoglycemia and dysfunction of liver
Marfan syndrome—an
inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type, with
long spidery fingers and toes
Arachnodactyly—spidery
fingers or toes
Synthesis—the
process of building up, putting together, or composing, in protein synthesis, a
complex protein is build up from amino acids.
Tachypnea—Rapid breathing
Transfusion—transfer
of blood or blood parts from one person to another
Ultrasonography--
The imaging of deep structures of the body by recording the
echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues and reflected by
tissue planes where there is a change in density. A machine record ultrasonic
echoes as they pass through different types of tissue
Unilateral—affecting
only one side.
Urinalysis—a
laboratory examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many medical
conditions
Transurethral--
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) removal of a portion of the
prostate by means of an instrument passed through the urethra. A transurethral
resection removes only enlarged prostatic tissue, as in benign prostatic
hypertrophy. Normal prostatic tissue and its outer capsule are left intact.
Vaccine—consists
of dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make
antibodies.
RH condition—a
person who is RH positive has a protein coating antigen on his or her red blood
cell. This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with
and is normal, people who are RH negative have normal RBCs as well, but their
red cells lack the RH factor antigen
Erythroblastosis
fetalis—refers to two potentially disabling or fatal blood disorders in
infants: Rh incompatibility disease and ABO incompatibility disease. Either
disease may be apparent before birth and can cause fetal death in some cases.
The disorder is caused by incompatibility between a mother's blood and her
unborn baby's blood. Because of the incompatibility, the mother's immune system
may launch an immune response against the baby's red blood cells. As a result,
the baby's blood cells are destroyed, and the baby may suffer severe anemia
(deficiency in red blood cells), brain damage, or death.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)—clinical
signs is jaundice. Jaundice results from excessive destruction
of RBCs
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