Ablated—destroyed
ACE inhibitor—Angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitor; any of a class of drugs that reduce peripheral arterial resistance
by inactivating an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor
angiotensin II, used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart
failure, and other cardiovascular disorders
Acute coronary syndromes—A general term for clinical
syndromes due to reduction of blood flow in coronary arteries. A sudden, severe
coronary event that mimics a heart attack, such as unstable angina
Adenoidectomy—the
surgical removal of adenoids
Adenoids—common
name for the pharyngeal tonsils, which are lymph, masses in the wall of the air
passageway (pharynx) just behind the nose. Collection of lymph tissue in the
nasopharynx
Adenoid
hypertrophy—chronic
enlargement of the adenoids
AICD—Automatic implantable
cardioverter defibrillation
Alveolar—pertaining
to an alveolus
Alveolus—the
terminal air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Aneurysm—a sac formed by localized
dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. Caused by
hypertension or congenital weakness in the vessel wall. Common in aorta. May
occur in peripheral vessels. The danger is rupture and hemorrhage. Widening of
an artery
Angina—anginapectoris a sudden intense
pain in the chest, often accompanied by feelings of suffocation, caused by
momentary lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Result from
myocardial ischemia
Angiogram—Anangiogram is an
X-ray test that uses a special dye and camera (fluoroscopy) to take pictures of
the blood flow in an artery (such as the aorta) or a vein (such as the vena
cava). An angiogram can be used to look at the arteries or veins in the head,
arms, legs, chest, back, or belly
Angiography—x-ray examination of blood
vessels or lymphatics following injection of contrast material
Angioplasty—Surgical
reconstruction of a blood vessel. An angiographic procedure for elimination of
areas of narrowing in the blood vessels.
Anosmia—the term
anosmia means lack of the sense of smell
Anoxia—an extreme form of hypoxia. an absence of oxygen
supply to an organ or a tissue
Anthracosis—coal
dust (black lung disease)
Anticoagulants—blood thinning drugs such as
heparin or warfarin are used to prevent pulmonary emboli and DVTs
Aorta—largest artery in the body
Aorticstenosis—narrowing of the aortic annulus caused by
degeneration and calcification of the valve leaflets
Apex of
the heart—at
the bottom of the heart or lowertip of the
heart
Apex of
the lung—tip
or uppermost portion of the lung
Apex—tip of
the structure
Apical—pertaining
to or located at the apex
Arrhythmia—Dysrhythmiais also used to describe an abnormal
heart rhythm.
Arteriography--(Medicine) the X-ray
examination of an artery or arterial system after injection of a contrast
medium into the bloodstream via a catheter into the aorta or an artery. Angiography
of an artery or arterial system
Arteriole—small artery
Arteriosclerosis—agroup of diseases
characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls,
occurring in three forms: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis
Artery—large type of blood vessel
carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery
and away begin with an “a”
Asbestosis—asbestos
particles (in shipbuilding and construction trade) type of pyneumoconiosis in which
dust particles are inhaled
Asphyxia—lack of
pulse, is severe hypoxia leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of
consciousness and death
Aspiration
pneumonia—caused
by material such as food or lodging in bronchi or lungs
Asthma—asthma
is a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory disease of the airways. In those
susceptible to asthma, this inflammation causes the airways to spasm and swell
periodically so that the airways narrow. Cells in the bronchial walls, called
mast cells, release certain substances that cause the bronchial muscle to
contract and stimulate mucus formation. Exercise, strong odors, cold air,
stress, allergins and medications
Atelectasis—collapse
lung, happen after surgery when a patient experiences pain and does not take
deep breath, preventing full expansion of lungs
Atherectomy—surgical removal of an atheroma
in a major artery
Atheroma—an abnormal mass of fatty or
lipid material with a fibrous covering, existing as a discrete, raised plaque
within the intima of an artery
Atherosclerosis—the major form in which
deposits of yellow plaque (artheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are
found within the lining of the artery
Atrial fibrillation—very rapid, random and
irregular contractions of the heart 350 beat or more per minute. Fibrillation
of the muscles of the atria of the heart. Most common type, affecting 5% to 10%
of 70-80 years old people and greater than 15% of individuals in their 80s.
- Pulmonary artery stenosis-Narrowing of the artery leading to the lungs from the heart
- Ventricular septal effect-Gap in the wall between the ventricles
- Shift of the aorta to the right-The large vessel leading from the ventricle moves over the interventricular spetum
- Hypertrophy of the right ventricle-Excessive development of the wall of the right heart chamber
Atrial—pertaining to an atrium.
Atrial
septial disease—small
hole between the upper heart chambers, congenital anomaly
Atrioventricular block—failure of proper conduction of
impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle.
Damage to the SA node may cause impulses too weak and bradycardia occurs.
Atrioventricular bundle—Bundle of His, AV bundle
Anatomy A group of specialized cardiac muscle fibers or conductive tissue in the wall that conduct
impulses from the AV (atria) node to the ventricle and transmitting electrical
impulses between them. His is pronounced as hiss
Atrioventricular node—A small mass of specialized
cardiac muscle fibers, located near the ostium of the coronary sinus and giving
rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. Also
called A-V node.Specialized tissue at the base in the wall between atria.
Atrium,
atria—one of two upper chambers of
the heart
Auscultation—listening for sounds within the
body, chiefly to ascertain the condition of the thoracic or abdominal viscera
and to detect pregnancy; it may be performed with the unaided ear or listening
for sounds within the body, chiefly to ascertain the condition of the thoracic
or abdominal viscera and to detect pregnancy; it may be performed with a
stethoscope
Bacilli—rod-shaped
bacteria causing tuberculosis
Base of
the lungs—lower
portion of the lungs
Basilar—located
at or in the base
Basis—foundation
Berry aneurysms—a small saccular aneurysm of a
cerebral artery, usually at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis,
having a narrow opening into the artery.
Beta blocker—any of various drugs used in
treating hypertension, angina or arrhythmia; decreases force and rate of heart
contractions by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous
system
Biventricular pacemaker—Device enabling ventricles to
beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
BNP test—a hormone, originally isolated
from porcine brain tissue, having biologic effects similar to those of atrial
natriuretic peptide and stored mainly in the myocardium of the cardiac
ventricles. Blood levels of BNP are elevated in hypervolemic states, such as
congestive heart failure and hypertension.Useful in the diagnosis of CHF in
patients with dyspnea who come to the emergency department. Its presence
identifies patients at risk for complications when presenting with acute
coronary syndrome. Example myocardial infraction and unstable angina. It is
secreted when they heart becomes overloaded, and it acts as a diuretic to help
heart function return to normal
Brachial artery—the principal artery of the
upper arm that is the continuation of the axillary artery. It has three
branches and terminates at the bifurcation of its main trunk into the radial
artery and the ulnar artery
Bradycardia—lowness of the heartbeat, as
evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60.
Bronchiectasis—condition
in which an area of the bronchial tubes is permanently and abnormally widened
(dilated), with accompanying infection.The principal treatment is chest
physical therapy with antibiotics. Signs are cough, fever, and expectoration of
foul smelling, purulent.
Bronchiectasis—incomplete
expansion of bronchial tubes caused by weakening of the bronchial wall from
infection
Bronchioles—smallest
branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts
Bronchiolitis—inflammation
of bronchus
Bronchodilator—these
drugs, which relax the airways, often are the best choice for relieving sudden
attacks of asthma and for preventing attacks of exercise-induced asthma
Bronchodilator—this
drug causes dilation or widening of bronchus. An example is albuterol
Bronchopleural—a
Bronchopleural fistula is an abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and
the pleural cavity. Occurring as a result of lung disease or surgical
complication
Bronchopneumonia—limited
form of infection that produces patchy consolidation in the lung parenchyma
Bronchoscopy—examination
of the bronchi through a bronchoscope
Bronchospasm—a
contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchus—one of
the larger passages conveying air to a lung (right or left primary bronchus)
and within the lungs (lobar and segmental bronchi)
Bronchoalveolar
lavage—injection
of fluid into the bronchi, followed by withdrawal of the fluid for examination
Bruit—a sound or murmur heard in
auscultation of an artery or organ, especially an abnormal one.
Bundle of his—The bundle of cardiac muscle
fibers that begins at the atrioventricular node and passes through the right
atrioventricular fibrous ring to the membranous part of the interventricular
septum. It conducts the electrical impulse that regulates the heartbeat from
the right atrium to the ventricles. Also called atrioventricular bundle, His
bundle
Calcium channel blocker—a drug that inhibits the flow
of calcium ions across the membranes of smooth muscle cells. By reduction of
the calcium flow, smooth muscle tone is relaxed and the risk of muscle spasms
is diminished. Calcium channel blockers are used primarily in the treatment of
heart diseases marked by coronary artery spasms (e.g., angina or hypertension).
Capillary—The tiniest blood vessels with
the smallest diameter. These vessels receive blood from the arterioles and
deliver blood to the venules. Material pass to and from the bloodstream through
the thin capillary walls
Carbon dioxide—an odorless, colorless gas,
CO2, resulting from oxidation of carbons, formed in the tissues and eliminated
by the lungs. Gas released by body cell, transported via veins to the heart,
and go to lungs for exhalation
Carbondioxide—an
odorless, colorless gas, CO2, resulting from oxidation of carbon, formed in the
tissues and eliminated by the lungs; used in some pump oxygenators to maintain
the carbon dioxide tension in the blood. A gas released as a metabolic product
of catabolism.
Cardiac
arrest—A sudden cessation of cardiac
function,
Cardiac biomarkers—chemicals are measured in the
blood as evidence of a heart attack. Dmamaged heart muscle releases chemicals
into the bloodstream. The substances tested for a troponin-I (cTnl) and
troponin – T (cTnT).
Cardiac catheterization--Cardiac catheterization (also
called heart catheterization) is a diagnostic procedure which does a
comprehensive examination of how the heart and its blood vessels function. One
or more catheters is inserted through a peripheral blood vessel in the arm
(antecubital artery or vein) or leg (femoral artery or vein) with x-ray
guidance. This procedure gathers information such as adequacy of blood supply
through the coronary arteries, blood pressures, blood flow throughout chambers
of the heart, collection of blood samples, and x rays of the heart's ventricles
or arteries.
Cardiac MRI—Cardiovascular magnetic
resonance imaging (CMR), sometimes known as cardiac MRI, is a medical imaging
technology for the non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the
cardiovascular system. It is derived from and based on the same basic
principles as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but with optimization for use in
the cardiovascular system. These optimizations are principally in the use of
ECG gating and rapid imaging techniques or sequences. By combining a variety of
such techniques into protocols, key functional and morphological features of
the cardiovascular system can be assessed. Cardiac pacemaker.
Cardiac
tamponade—pressure on heart caused by
fluid in the pericardial space
Cardiogenic shock—shock resulting from primary
failure of the heart in its pumping function, as in myocardial infarction,
severe cardiomyopathy, or mechanical obstruction or compression of the heart;
clinical characteristics are similar to those of hypovolemic shock.
Cardiomegaly—abnormal enlargement of the heart.
Cardiomyopathy—Cardiomyopathy is a chronic
disease of the heart muscle (myocardium), in which the muscle is abnormally
enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. The weakened heart muscle loses the
ability to pump blood effectively, resulting in irregular heartbeats
(arrhythmias) and possibly even heart failure
Cardioversion—a technique using lower energy
to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia
Carotid
endarterectomy—procedure
to remove plaque buildup in the carotid artery to resude risk of stroke
Carotid—neck
Catheter ablation—brief delivery of
radio frequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing
arrhythmias. A catheter is guided through a vein in the leg to the vena cava
and into the heart. The abnormal electrical pathway is located and ablated via
energy emitted from the catheter.
Chronic
bronchitis—inflammation
of the bronchial mucous membrane, characterized by cough, hypersecretion of
mucus, and expectoration of sputum over a long period of time and associated
with increased vulnerability to bronchial infection. Inflammation of tubes that
lead from the trachea overa long period of time.
Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease—term used to describe chronic lung
diseases, like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Cilia—small,
hair-like processes projecting from epithelial cells on the outer surfaces of
some cells, aiding metabolism by producing motion, eddies, or current in a
fluid. In the lung, cilia wave mucus, pus, and dust upward. Cigarette smoke
impairs the function of cilia
Claudication—is a medical term usually
referring to impairment in walking, or pain, discomfort or tiredness in the
legs that occurs during walking and is relieved by rest
Coarctation
of the aorta—narrowing
of the aorta
Community-acquired
pneumonia—results
from a contagious respiratory infection caused by variety or viruses and
bacteria.
Complete heart block—if no impulses reach the AV
node from the SA node, the ventricle contact slower than the atria and are not
coordinated
Computed tomography angiography—the use of computed tomography
to visualize the blood vessels of the heart. It is less invasive than
angiography and provides excellent views of coronary arteries for diagnosis of
coronary artery disease
Computed
tomography—CT—X
rays are aimed at slices of the body (by rotating equipment) and results are
assembled with a computer to give a three-dimensional picture of a structure.
Congenital heart disease—a variety of malformations of
the heart and/or its major blood vessels that are present at birth. Examples
are coarctation of aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, septal defects, tetralogy
of fallot
Congestive heart failure—A condition in which the heart
cannot pump enough blood to supply the body's tissues with sufficient oxygen
and nutrients; back up of blood in vessels and the lungs causes buildup of
fluid (congestion) in the tissues. Two types systolic and diastolic. Symptoms
include shortness of breath, exercise intolerance and fluid retention.
Pulmonary edema or edema in legs, feet. Treatment includes lowering dietary
intake of sodium.
Constriction--to tighten or narrow
Coronary arteries—The two main arteries that
provide blood and oxygen to the heart. The coronary arteries surround the heart
like a crown, coming out of the aorta, arching down over the top of the heart,
and dividing into two branches. These are the arteries where coronary artery
disease occurs. Leading to ischemia.
Coronary artery bypass grafting—arteries and veins are
anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages.
Coronary artery disease—narrowing or blockage of the
arteries and vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart. It is
caused by atherosclerosis, an accumulation of fatty materials on the inner
linings of arteries. The resulting blockage restricts blood flow to the heart.
When the blood flow is completely cut off, the result is a heart attack.
Corpulmonale—enlargement of
the heart's right ventricle caused by primary lung disease. In some patients,
the left ventricle also increases in size, results in failure of the right
ventricle, which cannot accommodate an increase in pressure as easily as the
left ventricle. Right heart failure
Croup—common
childhood ailment. Typically, it arises from a viral infection of the larynx
(voice box) and is associated with mild upper respiratory symptoms such as a
runny nose and cough. The key symptom is a harsh barking cough. Croup is
usually not serious and most children recover within a few days. In a small
percentage of cases, a child develops breathing difficulties and may need
medical attention. Acute respiratory syndrome that is market by destruction of
the larynx and strider.
CT
pulmonary angiography—combination of CT scanning and
angiography. It is useful to examine the pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis
of a pulmonary embolism
Cyanosis.—Cyanosis is a physical sign
causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Cyanosis—caused
by deficient oxygen in the blood
Cystic
fibrosis—Cystic
fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that affects the lungs, digestive system,
sweat glands, and male fertility. Genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a
gene. The decision to test a child for cystic fibrosis may be triggered by
concerns about recurring gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms, or salty
sweat. A child born with meconium ileus will be tested before leaving the
hospital. Families with a history of CF may wish to have all children tested,
especially if there is a child who already has the disease. Some hospitals now
require routine screening of newborns for CF. There is no cure for CF.
inherited disease of exocrine glands.
Deep vein thrombosis—blood clot in a major vein that
usually develops in the legs and/or pelvis.May result in pulmonary embolism.
Defibrillation—electronic device sends an
electric shock to the heart to stop an extremely rapid, irregular heartbeat,
and restore the normal heart rhythm.For patients at high risk for sudden cardiac
death from ventricular dysrhythmias.
Deoxygenated
blood—Cardiology Blood with a low O2
saturation relative to blood leaving the lungs
Diaphragm—the thin
layer of muscle that separates the chest cavity containing the lungs and heart
from the abdominal cavity containing the intestines and digestive organs. It
contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out
Diastole—relaxation phase of the heart
beat
Diastolic CHF—the heart can contract normal
but is stiff or less compliant when relaxed or filling with blood. Fluids back
in the lungs and other parts of the body. Common cause is hypertension
Digital
subtraction angiography—video
equipment and a computer produce x ray images of blood vessels
Digoxin—drug that treats arrhythmias
and strengthens the heart beat
Diphtheria—an acute
infectious disease caused by Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
and its toxin, affecting the membranes of the nose, throat, or larynx, and
marked by formation of a gray-white pseudomembrane, with fever, pain, and, in the
laryngeal form, aphonia and respiratory obstruction. The toxin may also cause
myocarditis and neuritis. Injections usually are given as combination vaccines
with pertussis and tetanus toxins and so are called DPT injections.
Dissecting aortic aneurysm—Cardiovascular disease An
aneurysm of the aorta in which there is an internal split in the wall of the
aorta, by blood entering a tear or haemorrhage within the walls of the vessel
Doppler ultrasound—sound waves measure blood flow
within blood vessels. Combines Doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow
physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of
blood flow. Carotid artery occlusion, aneurysms, varicose veins, can be
diagnosed with duplex ultrasound
Ductus—passageway
Dysphonia—hoarseness
or other voice impairment
Dysrhythmia—an abnormal cardiac rhythm
Dysrhythmias—ventricular fibrillation
Echocardiography—echoes generated by high
frequency sound waves produce images of the heart. Shows the structure and
movement of the heart.
EFGR—epidermal
growth factor receptor
Electrocardiogram—A record of the electrical
activity of the heart showing certain waves called P, Q, R, S, and T waves. The
Q, R, S, T waves are associated with contraction of the ventricles, the lower
two chambers of the heart.
Electrocardiography—recording of electricity
flowing through the heart
Electron beam computed
tomography—ultra fast computed tomography
done with a scanner in which the patient is surrounded by a large circular
anode that emits x-rays as the electron beam is guided around it.
Embolus,
emboli—clot or other substances that
travel to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
Emphysema—Emphysema
is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs
(alveoli) in the lungs, causing a decrease in lung function, and often,
breathlessness. Loss of elasticity and the breakdown of alveolar walls result
in expiratory flow limitation. Leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and right
heart failure. Hyperinflation of air sac with destruction of alveolar walls. A
type of COPD.
Empyema—pyothorax
is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity
Endarterectomy—surgical removal of plaque from
the inner layer of an artery such as fatty deposits and thrombosis
Endocardium--inner lining of the heart
Endothelium—innermost lining of the blood
vessels
Endotracheal
intubation—placement
of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish
an airway
Endovascular aneurysm repair
EVAR—Endovascular aneurysm repair (or
endovascular aortic repair) (EVAR) is a type of endovascular surgery used to
treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) or thoracic aortic aneurysm, the
procedure then specifically termed TEVAR (thoracic endovascular aortic/aneurysm
repair)
Epiglottis—a leaf
or lid-like piece of cartilage extending upwards from the larynx, which can
close like a lid over the trachea to prevent the airway from receiving any food
or liquid being swallowed
Epiglottitis—Epiglottitis
is an infection of the epiglottis, which can lead to severe airway obstruction
Epistaxis—nosebleed.Greek
meaning dropping.Bleeding from the nose caused by local irritation of mucous
membranes, violent sneezing, fragility of the mucous membrane or of the
arterial walls, chronic infection, trauma, hypertension, leukemia, vitamin K
deficiency, or, most often, picking the nose.
Essential
hypertension—high
BP in arteries when the etiology is idiopathic
Expectoration—the
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs, bronchi, and
trachea.The expelling from the mouth of saliva, mucus, and other material from
the air or upper food.
Expiration—breathing
out, exhalation
External
respiration--The
exchange of gases in the lung
Extracorporeal circulation—heart lung machine diverts
blood from the heart and lungs while heart is repaired. The machine uses the
technique of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Exudate—fluids,
cells, and other substances that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into
areas of inflammation
Femoral—thigh
Fibrillation—very raid, random and irregular
contractions of the heart
Flutter—rapid but regular contractions,
usually of the atria. Heart beat may be reach to 300 beats per minute.
Glottis—slit-like
opening to larynx
Heart
transplantation—a
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
Hemoptysis—Hemoptysis
is the coughing up of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway. It may
be either self-limiting or recurrent. Massive hemoptysis is defined as 200-600
mL of blood coughed up within a period of 24 hours or less. Caused by bronchitis
or pneumonia, but also with TB, cancer, bronchiectasis and pulmonary embolism
Hemorrhoids—Piles. Swollen or twisted varicose veins near the anus or rectal
region. Varicose veins near the anus
Hemothorax—Blood in
the pleural cavity
Hilar—pertaining
to hilum
Hilum of
the lung—midline
region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
Holtermonitoring—an ECG device is worn during a
24 hours period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
Hospital
acquired or nosocomial pneumonia—is acquired during hospitalization.
Greek nosokomeion means hospitalization
Hydrothorax—collection
of fluid in the pleural cavity
Hypercapnia—excessive
carbon dioxide in the blood. Also called hypercarbia
Hypercholesterolemia—levels of cholesterol in the
blood that are higher than normal.
Hyperpnea—an
exaggerated deep, rapid, or labored respiration. It occurs normally with
exercise and abnormally with aspirin overdose, pain, fever, hysteria, or any
condition in which the supply of oxygen is inadequate, such as cardiac disease
and respiratory disease. Also spelled hyperpnoea
Hypertension—high blood pressure
Hypertensive
heart disease—high
blood pressure affecting the heart, results from narrowing of arterioles.
Hypoxia—inadequate oxygen in tissues
ICD—implantablecardioverter-defibrillator
Implantable cardioverter
defibrillator—is
a small device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and
terminates them with an electric shock
Infarction—area of dead tissue
Inferior
vena cava—bring oxygen poor blood from
the lower parts of the body
Infiltrate—collection
of fluid or other material within the lung as seen on a chest film, CT scan or
fluid dilled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x ray
Interatrial
septum—the
wall of the heart between the right and the left atria
Internal
respiration—the exchange of gases at the tissue cells
Inspiration—breathing
in. inhalation
Intermittent
claudication—absence
of pain in a leg at rest but pain, tension after walking has begun
Interventricular
septum—The wall between the ventricles
of the heart.
Intravenous
infusion—is delivery of fluids into a
vein
Ischemia—Ischemia is an insufficient
supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.
Laryngeal—pertaining
to the larynx
Laryngitis—inflammation
of larynx
Laryngoscopy—Visual
examination of the voice box
Laryngospasm—spasmodic
closure of the larynx
Larynx—voice
box
Left ventricular assist device
LVAD—is a booster pump implanted in
the abdomen with a cannula inserted into the left ventricle. It pumps blood out
of the heart to all parts of the blood. May be used as a “bridge to transplant”
or as a “destination”
Lipid
test—measurement of cholesterol and
triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample
Lipoprotein electrophoresis—a blood test performed on
patients with rare lipid profiles to predict coronary arteriosclerotic heart
disease. Combination of fats and proteins are separated and measure in a blood
sample
Lobe—divisions of the lungs
Lobar
pneumonia—involves
an entire lobe of a lung
Lobectomy—excision
of a lobe, as of the lung, brain, or liver
Lung
biopsy—removal
of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
Lung
cancer—a
pulmonary malignancy attributable in the majority of cases to cigarette
smoking.
Magnetic
resonance angiography MRA—is
type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels.
Magnetic
resonance imaging of the chest—magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is
the newest, and perhaps most versatile, medical imaging technology available
Mediastinoscopy—endoscopic
visual examination of the mediastinum.
Mediastinoscopy—is a
surgical procedure that allows physicians to view areas of the mediastinum, the
cavity behind the breastbone that lies between the lungs. The organs in the
mediastinum include the heart and its vessels, the lymph nodes, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus.
Mediastinum—the
region of the thorax bounded by the lungs or between the lungs in the chest
cavity which includes the heart and regional vessels, trachea, esophagus,
bronchi, lymph nodes. Region between the lungs in the chest cavity
Mesothelioma—rare
malignant tumor arising in the pleura. Derived from mesothelium, which from the
lining of the pleural surface. Caused by asbestos exposure
Mitral stenosis—Narrowing or constricting of
the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
Mitral valve prolapse—improper closure of the mitral
valve, occurs the mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium
during systole.
Mitral valve—A fold in between the left
atrium and the left ventricle of the heart that directs blood that has received
oxygen from the lungs to the aortic valve and the aorta. Bicuspid valve
Mitral valvulitis—commonly associated with
rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a
streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation
and damage to heart valves.
Murmur—extra heartbeat, heard between
normal beats. An abnormal heart sound.
Myocardial infraction—commonly known as a heart
attack, occurs when blood flow stops to part of the heart causing damage to the
heart muscle
Myocardium—the middle and thickest layer
of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.
Myxoma—A myxoma is a rare, usually
noncancerous, primary tumor (a new growth of tissue) of the heart. It is the
most common of all benign heart tumors.
Nares—opening
through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities
Nasogastric
intubation—the
placement of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve
gastric distension by removing gas, gastric secretions, or food; to instill
medication, food, or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
Nitrates—drug used in treatment of
angina, by dilating blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to
myocardial tissue
Nitroglycerin—nitrate drug used in the
treatment of angina
Non-small
cell lung cancer (NSCLC)—diseasein which the cells of the lung
tissues grow uncontrollably and form tumors. Three main types; adenocarcinoma,
squance cell carcinoma and large cell lung cancer.Treatment if nodes are
negative, the patient is a good candidate for surgery, if nodes are positive,
multimodality treatment such as chemotherapy with or without surgery is an
option.
Normal sinus rhythm—the normal heartbeat initiated
by the pacemaker in the sinus node, with a heart rate of 60 to 100 beats/min.
Obstructive
lung disease—airways
are narrowed which results in resistance to air decreased expiratory flow rate.
Examples are asthma and chronic bronchitis.
Occlusion—closure of blood vessel due to
blockage
Orthopnea—an
abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or
comfortably. It occurs in many disorders of the cardiac and respiratory
systems, such as asthma, pulmonary edema, emphysema, pneumonia, congestive heart
failure, and angina pectoris. Assessment includes noting the number of pillows
used by the patient. Patients with orthopnea also report sleeping in recliners.
Also spelled orthopnoea
Oxygen—A medicinal gas used
therapeutically for oxygen supplementation, containing not less than 99.0
percent, by volume, of O2. Enters the blood through the lungs and travels to
the heart to be pumped via arteries to all per minute
Oxygen—an
element constituting 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume that occurs as a
diatomic gas, O2, combines with most elements, is essential for plant and
animal respiration. It passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to
all body cells
Pacemaker—specialized nervous tissue in
the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An electrical device used to
maintain a normal sinus rhythm in heart muscle contraction. Pacemakers can be
permanent indwelling appliances. The use of electronic devices on patients with
pacemakers is now considered permissible because of modern shields. The device
may also have a defibrillator. Also called cardiac pacemaker.
Palatine
tonsil—largeoval
or almond mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in lateral wall of oral pharynx
(oropharynx) on either side between the pillars of the fauces. Collection of
lymph tissue in the oropharynx
Palatine—pertaining
to the roof of the mouth
Palliative—noncurative
treatment include antibiotics resection etc. or relieving symptoms, but not
curing the disease
Palpitation—uncomfortable sensation in the
chest related to the cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventriular
contractions
Paranasal
sinus—one
of the air containing cavities in the bones near the nose
Parietal
pleura—outer
layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest walls
Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea—sudden attach of difficulty breathing
Paroxysmal—pertaining
to a sudden occurrence, such as seizure
Patent—open
Patent ductus arteriosus—a duct between the aorta and
the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth remains open
Percardial
friction rub—scraping
or grafting noise heard during ausculation of the heart
Percussion—a method
of medical diagnosis in which various areas of the body, especially the chest,
back, and abdomen, are tapped with the finger or a plexor to determine by
resonance the condition of internal organs
Percutaneous coronary
intervention—balloon
tripped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery, stents
are put in the place.
Pericardiocentesis—Pericardiocentesis is the
removal by needle of pericardial fluid from the sac surrounding the heart for
diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Pericarditis—inflammation surrounding the
heart
Pericardium—double layered or sac like
membrane surrounding heart
Peripheral arterial disease—blockage of arteries carrying
blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs. Etiology is atherosclerosis.
Pertussis—whooping
cough, highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and trachea
caused by Bordetella pertussis
Petechiae—small pinpoint hemorrhages
Pharynx—throat
Phlebotomy—Phlebotomy is the act of
drawing or removing blood from the circulatory system through a cut (incision)
or puncture in order to obtain a sample for analysis and diagnosis.
Phrenic
nerve—the
motor nerve in the diaphragm
Pleura—double
layered membrane surrounding each lung
Pleural
cavity—space
between the folds of the pleura. Or between visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural
effusion—abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Two types exudates and transudates
Pleural
rub—scratchy
sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other, also called
friction rub, occurs when the pleura are roughened and thickened by
inflammation, infection.
Pleurisy—inflammation
of the pleura
Pleurodesis—is the
artificial production of adhesions between the partial and visceral pleura for
treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion
Pleurodynia—acute
inflammation of the intercostal muscles and the muscular attachment of the
diaphragm to the chest wall. It is characterized by sudden, severe pain and
tenderness, fever, headache, and anorexia
Pneumoconiosis—abnormal
condition caused by the dust in the lungs, chronic inflammation, infection and
bronchitis
Pneumonectomy—excision
of lung tissue; it may be total, partial, or of a single lobe (lobectomy)
Pneumonia
thorax—collection
of air in the pleural space, may occur in pulmonary disease, carcinoma, TB
Pneumonia—acute
inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with fus or products of the
inflammatory reaction. Etiologic agents are pneumococci, staphylococci, and
other bacteria, fungi or viruses.
Pneumothorax—pneumothorax
is a collection of air or gas because of a hole in the chest or pleural space
between the layers of the pleura that causes part or all of a lung to collapse
Popliteal—knee
Positron emission tomography—image show blood flow nd
myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose. Can detect
myocardial function, difference between ischemic heart disease and
cardiomyopathy
Positron
emission tomography—radioactive glucose is injected and
images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
Pulmonary
abscess—large
collection of pus in the lungs
Pulmonary artery—An artery that enters the hilus
of the right lung, with branches distributed with the bronchi; right pulmonary
artery. The blood vessel that delivers blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation—The passage of blood from the
right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the
pulmonary veins to the left atrium.( to heart)
Pulmonary
edema—fluid
in the air sacs and bronchioles, caused by the ability of the heart to pump.
Blood backs up in the pulmonary blood vessels and fluid seeps out into the
alveoli and bronchiole
Pulmonary
embolism—clot
or other material lodges in vessels of the lung. The clot travels from distant
veins, usually in legs
Pulmonary
fibrosis—formation
of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
Pulmonary
function tests—tests
that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung
volume and the capacity of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonary
infraction—occlusion
can produce an area of dead tissue
Pulmonary
parenchyma—essential
tissues or parts of the lung, responsible for respiration, bronchioles and
alveoli
Pulmonary valve—The heart valve which is
positioned between the right ventricle and the opening into the pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
vein—a vein that carries oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary—pertaining
to the lungs or pulmonary artery
Pulse—the rhythmic expansion of an
artery that may be felt with the finger. The beat of the heart as felt through
the walls of the artery
Purulent—containing
pus or pus containing sputum.
Purulent
exudates—consists
of white blood cells, microorganisms and other debris
Pyothorax—empyema
of the chest or an accumulation of pus in the thorax
Rales—French
word means rattle. Crackling sounds heard on auscultation when there is a fluid
in the alveoli
Raynaud disease—recurrent episodes of pallor or
cyanosis or ischemia primarily in fingers and toes. Raynaud phenomanon is a
similar condition of arterial insufficiency.
Respiration—process
of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing
Restrictive
lung disease—expansion
of the lung is limited by disease that affects that chest wall, pleura or lung
tissue. Examples are myasthemia gravis and muscular dystrophy that produces
restrictive lung disease
Rheumatic heart disease—heart disease caused by
rheumatic fever is a childhood disease that follow streptococcal infection. Mitral
stenosis, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure caused by the weakening
of myocardium and result from rheumatic heart disease.
Rhinorrhea—the free
discharge of a thin nasal mucus
Rhonchi—loud
rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum caused by
secretion in larger bronchial tubes
Sarcoidosis—chronic
inflammatory disease in which small nodules develop in lungs, lymph nodes and
other organs
Secondary
hypertension—high BP related to kidney disease
Septal
defects—small holes in the wall between
the atria or ventricle
Septum, septa—a partition or wall, such as
the interatrial septum that separates the atria of the heart.Partition
separating the right and left ventricles of the heart; called also ventricular
septum.
Sestamibi—is a radioactive tracer
compound used to define areas of poor blood flow
Shock—a condition of acute peripheral
circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of
circulating fluid. It is marked by hypotension and coldness of the skin, and
often by tachycardia and anxiety
Silicosis—disease
due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occur in mining occupation or silica
or glass (Grinder’s disease)
Sinoatrial
node (SA)—pacemaker of the heart
Sinusitis—infection
and/or inflammation of paranasal sinuses, often caused by blocked drainage of
fluid or purulent material, linked to swelling of nasal mucosa.
Small
cell lung cancer (SCLC)—derives from small, round “oat”
cell founds in pulmonary epithelium. It grows rapidly and spread outside the
lungs. Treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy
Sphygmomanometer—instrument to measure blood
pressure
Spirometer—an
instrument for measuring the air taken into and exhaled by the lungs
Spirometer—measure
the volume and rate of the air passing into and out of the lungs
Sputum
culture—a
sputum culture is done to find and identify the microorganism causing an
infection of the lower respiratory tract such as pneumonia (an infection of the
lung). If a microorganism is found, more testing is done to determine which
antibiotics will be effective in treating the infection.
Sputum—material
expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
Statins—drug that work by blocking a
key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver
Stethoscope—A Y-shaped instrument that
amplifies body sounds such as heartbeat, breathing, and air in the intestine.
Used in auscultation.
Stresstest—exercise tolerance test
determines the heart response to physical exertion.
Stridor—strained,
high pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or
larynx
Superior
vena cava—bring
oxygen-poor blood into the heart from the upper parts of the body
Systemiccirculation—Circulation of blood throughout
the body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carry oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle to various tissues and return venous blood to the
right atrium
Systole—contraction phase of the
heartbeat. From Greek systole, contraction
Systolic
CHF—left ventricular dysfunction
results in a low ejection fraction. Less blood is pumped from the heart.
Tachycardia—a rapid cardiac rate, usually
160–190 per minute, originating from an atrial locus
Tachypnea—excessive
raid and shallow breathing; hyperventilation
TAVR—transatheter aortic valve
replacement of a balloon expandable aortic heart valve into the body by
catheter
Technetium
Tc99msestamibi scan—injected
intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, detected by scanning
Tele/o—distant
Telemetry—electronic transmission of data
Tetralogy of fallot—congenital malformation
involving four distant heart defects. Pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular
septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right and hypertrophy of the right
ventricle.
Thallium 201 scan—concentration of radioactive thallium
to apply to the give information about blood suart muscle
Thoracentesis—surgical
puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
Thoracic
endovascular aneurysm repair—TEVAR
Thoracotomy—large
surgical incision of the chest. Necessary for lobectomy and pneumonectomy or
pleurotomy; incision of the chest wall
Thrill—vibration felt over an area of
turmoil in blood flow
Throacoscopy—visual
examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
Thrombolic therapy—drugs used to dissolve blood
clots are injected into the bloodstream of the patients with coronary
thrombosis
Thrombolysis—Dissolution of a blood
clot/thrombus
Thrombophlebitis—Thrombophlebitis is the
inflammation of a vein with blood clot formation inside the vein at the site of
the inflammation. Thrombophlebitis also is known as phlebitis,
phlebothrombosis, and venous thrombosis.
Tonsillectomy—the
oropharyngeal tonsils are removed
Tracheal
stenosis—injury
to the trachea from trauma, a burn, or serious infection can cause scarring and
contraction that obstructs the flow of air. Example, having an endotracheal
tube in place for a prolonged period may lead to tracheal injury
Trachea—wind
pipe
Tracheoctomy—surgical
creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
Tracheotomy—a
tracheotomy is a surgical procedure in which a cut or opening is made in the
windpipe (trachea)
Transesophageal
echocardiography—a
transducerplaced in the esophagus provides ultrasound and Doppler information
Tricuspid valve—a valve with three main cusps
situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. The cusps
of the tricuspid valve include the ventral, dorsal, and medial cusps.
Troponin—heart muscle protein released
into circulation after myocardial injury
Tube
thoracotomy—a
flexible plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening
in the chest
Tuberculin
test—determines
past or present TB infection based on a positive skin reaction. Examples are
the heaf test and the tine test. Tine and mantoux tests
Tuberculosis—infectious
disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli; lungs usually are
involved but any organ in the body may be infected.
Upper
most part—the
aptical part of the body
V/Q scan—injections
or inhalation of radioactive material and recording image in the lungs
Valve—A membranous structure in a
hollow organ or passage, as in an artery or vein, that folds or closes to
prevent the return flow of the body fluid passing through it.
Valvotomy—incision of a valve
Valvuloplasty—dilation of a stenotic cardiac
valve by means of a balloon-tipped catheter that is introduced into the valve
and inflated.
Vascular—pertaining to vessels,
particularly blood vessels
Vasoconstriction—Constriction of a blood vessel,
as by a nerve or drug.
Vasodilation—Dilation of a blood vessel, as
by the action of a nerve or drug.
Vegatations—clotting of proteins,
micro-organisms and red blood cells on diseased heart valves. Lesions that form
on heart valves after damaged by infection
Vein—a vessel through which blood
passes from various organs or parts back towards the heart. Veins contain
valves to prevent back flows of blood
Vena cava; venae cavae—The large vein that drains
directly into the heart after gathering incoming blood from the entire body.
The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the
heart
Venipuncture—surgical puncture of a vein.
Performed to start an intravenous infusion
Venous—pertaining to the veins
Ventilation
perfusion scan—detection
device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or
inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas
Ventricle—A small cavity or chamber
within a body or organ, especially the right or left ventricle of the heart or
any of the interconnecting ventricles of the brain
Venule—small vein
Vericose vein—abnormally swollen and twisted
veins, usually occurring in legs. When damaged valves in veins fail to prevent
the backflow of blood
Visceral
pericardium—the
inner lining of the pericardium, adhering to the outside of the heart
Visceral
pleura—inner
layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
Wheezes—continuous
high pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
Name the
four defects in tetralogy of fallot from the their description
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