Blood System - Medical Terminology

Acute lymphatic leukemia ( ALL)—immature lymphocytes predominate

Acute lymphocytic leukemia—Malignant, immature lymphocytes multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia—Symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate a likely diagnosis

Acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)—Im mature granulocytes predominate. Platelets and erythrocyte are diminished because of infiltration

Acute myelogenous leukemia—Malignant, immature granulocytes called myeloblasts multiply in the bone marrow and bloodstream.

Agglutination—Clumping of recipient's blood when incompatible bloods are mixed

Albumin—blood protein

Albumin—Plasma protein that maintains the proper amount of water in blood

Albumin—Protein found in blood.

Albumin—protein in blood that maintains the proper proportion of water in the blood. It remains in the blood as it cannot pass easily through the capillary walls. And carries smaller molecules bound to its surface. It attracts water from the tissues back into the bloodstream and thus opposes the water’s tendency to leave the blood and leak out into the tissue spaces.

Allogeneic transplants—the transplantation of an organ or tissue from a genetically matched relative or other donor

Alveoli—alveoli, air sac

AML—Acute myelogenous leukemia

Anemia—deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

ANEMIA—Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.

Anemia—deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin. The most common type is iron deficiency anemia

Anisocytosis—an abnormality of red blood cells; they are unequal

Anisocytosis—cells are unequal in size

Anisocytosis—Condition of cells of unequal size (red blood cells).

Anisocytosis—Inequality in the size of red blood cells.

Antibody (AB)—specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it

Antibody—Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood.

Anticoagulant substances—these inhibit blood clotting, so the clods do not form

Anticoagulant—An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation (clotting) of blood

Anticoagulant—Prevents clotting

Anticoagulant—Substance that prevents blood clotting.

Antigen—Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.

Antigens—Foreign material that invades the body

Antigen—substance that stimulates the production of an antibody

Antiglobulin test (Coombs test)—test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

Antiglobulin test—Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; Coombs test.

Apheresis—separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood.

Apheresis—Separation of blood into its components

Apheresis—Withdrawal and separation of blood elements.

Aplastic anemia—Blood cells are not formed or produced in bone marrow

Aplastic anemia—Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow

Aplastic anemia—failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

Aplastic—anemia Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of formation) of bone marrow cells.

atelectasis—condition of imperfect lung expansion; collapsed lung

auscultation—listening to sound within the body

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura—a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets

Autologous stem cell transplantation—the patient’s own stem cells are collected, stored and reinfused after potent chemotherapy

Autologous transfusion—Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient

Autologous transfusion—the collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood compound.

Autologous—transfusion Removal and then reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components.

B- Blood type—a person was born with the B antigen on his red blood cells but Rh antigen

Band cells—are identical to segmented granulocytes except that the nucleus is U-shaped and its lobes are connected by a band rather than a thin thread as a segmented forms.

Basopgilia—an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia

Basophil—Leukocyte whose granules have an affinity for basic stain

Basophils—white blood cell contain granules that stain dark blue with a basic alkaline dye. These granules contain heparin and histamine

Basophil—White blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye.

Basophil—white blood cell with large dark staining granules

Bilirubin—Orange-yellow pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.

Bilirubin—Pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

Bleeding time—Time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding

Bleeding time—time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

Blood clothing—a complicated process. The final result is the formation of a fibrin cloth from the plasma protein fibrinogen. The platelets become sticky and collect or aggregate at the site of injury. Then, in combination with tissue and clotting factors, plus calcium, prothrombin, and thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form a clot. One of the important clotting factors is factor VIII. It is missing in some people who are born with hemophilia. Other hemophiliacs are missing factor IX. Normally,  it does not clot in blood vessels unless it is damaged.

Blood dyscrasia—any abnormal condition of the blood generally is referred to as a blood dyscrasia (disease)

Blood transfusion—Blood cells or whole blood from a closely match donor are infused into a patient.

Blood transfusion—whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

Blood—its primary function is to maintain a constant environment for the other living tissue of the body. It carries gaseous waste to the lungs to be exhaled. It carries chemical waste such as urea, to the kidney to be excreted in the urine. It transports chemical messengers called hormones from their sites of secretion in glands, such as the thyroid or pituitary, to distant sites where they regulate growth reproduction and energy production. It contains protein, white blood cells and antibodies that fight infection and platelets and other proteins that help blood to clot.

Bone marrow aspiration—bone marrow also may be removed by brief suction produced by a syringe

Bone marrow biopsy—microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

Bone marrow biopsy—Needle is introduced into the bone marrow cavity, and a small amount of marrow is aspirated and then examined under the microscope

Bone marrow transplantation—the sponge-like tissue found in the center of certain bones—contains stem cells that are the precursors of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are vital for normal body functions, such as oxygen transport, defense against infection and disease, and clotting. Blood cells have a limited lifespan and are constantly being replaced; therefore, healthy stem cells are vital. Bone marrow transplantation involves extracting bone marrow containing normal stem cells from a healthy donor, and transferring it to a recipient whose body cannot manufacture proper quantities of normal blood cells. The goal of the transplant is to rebuild the recipient's blood cells and immune system and hopefully cure the underlying ailment

Bone marrow transplant—Bone marrow cells from a donor are infused into a patient being treated for leukemia or aplastic anemia

Bonemarrow—biopsy Needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by examination under a microscope.

Bronchitis—inflammation of a small bronchial tube

Cells—beginning at birth, all blood cells originate in the marrow cavity of bones. Both the blood cells arise from the same blood forming or hematopoietic stem cells.

Chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL)—abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominated in the marrow, lymph node, and spleen

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia—Malignant, but relatively mature lymphocytes, multiply in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)—both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood

chronic myelogenous leukemia—Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in bone marrow and blood.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia—Malignant, but relatively mature granulocytic leukocytes multiply in the bloodstream.

Cilia—hairs attached to mucous membrane

CLL Chronic—lymphocytic leukemia

Coagulationtime—Ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube

Coagulation time—time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

Coagulation time—Venous blood is clotted in a test tube

Coagulation—blood clotting

Coagulation—Process of blood clotting.

Coagulopathy—Coagulopathy (also called clotting disorder and bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood’s ability to clot is impaired. This condition can cause prolonged or excessive bleeding, which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.

Coagulopathy—Disease of blood clotting.

Colony-stimulating factor—Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes)

Colony-stimulating factors—protein to promote the growth granulocytes in bone marrow. G-CSF (granulocyte CSF) and GM-CSF (granulocytes-macrophage CSF) are given to restore granulocyte production in cancer patient.

Complete blood count (CBS)—determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values—MCH, MCV, MCHC

Complete blood count—Determination of the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) in a sample of blood.

Composition and formation of blood—plasma, leukocytes, platelets or thrombocytes and cells

Coombs test—Determines the numbers of antibodies in infants or Rh-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Cytology—Study of cells.

Differentiated/differentiation—under the influence of proteins in the blood and bone marrow, stem cells change their size and shape to become specialized. In this process, the cells change in size from large (immature cells) to small (mature cell), and the cell nucleus shrinks (in red cells, the nucleus actually disappear). Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

Differentiation—Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.

DIFFERENTIATION—Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures.

Differentiation—Specialization of cells from immature to mature forms.

diphtheria—infectious disease of the throat and upper respiratory tract; caused by bacteria

Disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC)—excessive blood clotting

Dyscrasia—Any abnormal or pathological condition of the blood.

Dyscrasia—Blood disease.

dyspnea—difficulty breathing

Ecchymoses—Large blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises).

edema—collection of fluid in tissues

Edema—results when too much fluid from blood leaks out into tissues. It happens when a person ingests too much salt, in severe form when a person is burned in a fire. In this situation, albumin escapes from the capillaries as a result of the burn injury, then water cannot held in the blood, escapes from the blood and blood volume drops

electrophesis—transmission of electricity

Electrophoresis—a process where immunoglobulins are separated from other plasma proteins by electrical charge

Electrophoresis—Method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge

ELECTROPHORESIS—Method of separating plasma proteins by electrical charge.

Electrophoresis—Technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge.

Electrophoresis—Use of an electrical field to separate proteins in a mixture (such as blood or urine), on the basis of the size and electrical charge of the proteins.

emphaysem—hyperinflation of air-sacs with destruction to alveolar walls

emphysema—lung disease marked by distention or swelling of the alveoli

empyema—pus in the pleural cavity

Eosinophilia—abnormally increased eosinophils in the blood in allergic reaction such as asthma or parasitic infection

Eosinophilia—Increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream.

Eosinophilia—Increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions

Eosinophil—Leukocyte with dense reddish granules

Eosinophils—white blood cell contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye. These granules increase in allergic Responses and engulf substances that trigger the allergies.

Eosinophil—White blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye; elevated in allergic reactions.

Eosinophil—White blood cells with reddish granules, numbers increase in allergic reaction

epiglottis—lid-like piece of cartilage that covers larynx

Erythremia—Polycythemia vera

Erythroblast—immature red blood cell

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)—speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate—Measurement of the speed at which erythrocytes settle or fall to the bottom of a test tube.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate—Venous blood is collected: anticoagulant added and the distance cells fall in a period of time is determined

Erythrocyte—Red blood cell

ERYTHROCYTE—Red blood cell.

Erythrocyte—sedimentation rate Measures the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

Erythrocytes—from erythroblast to erythrocyte, it loses its nucleus and assumes the shape of a biconcave disk. This shape (a depressed or hollow surface on each side of the cell, resembling a cough drop with a thin central portion) allows for a large surface area so that absorption and release of gases can take place. It is originated in the bone marrow. The hormone erythropoietin (secreted by the kidneys), stimulates their production. The iron in hemoglobin forms new red cells or is stored in spleen, liver and bone marrow.

Erythrocytopenia—Deficiency in numbers

Erythrocytopenia—Deficiency of red blood cells.

Erythropoientin—Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate erythrocyte production in the bone marrow

Erythropoiesis—Formation of red blood cells.

Erythropoiesis—Formation of red blood cells.

Erythropoiesis—Formation of red cells

Erythropoiesis—red blood cell production

Erythropoiesis—the formation or production of red blood cells.

Erythropoietin—like CSFs, can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It stimulates erythrocytes production. Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation

Erythropoietin—Substance (hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.

Fibrin threads—forms the clot by trapping red blood cell. Then the clot retracts into a tight ball, leaving behind a clear fluid called serum.

Fibrinogen—clotting protein in plasma

Fibrinogen—plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

Fibrinogen—Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.

Fibrin—protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

FIBRIN—Protein threads that form the base of a clot.

Fibrin—Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.

Fibrin—Protein threads that form the b
asis of a clot

fibrin—threads of a clot

GLOBIN—The protein part of hemoglobin.

Globulin—means protein

Globulin—Protein in plasma; can be separated into alpha, beta, and gamma

Globulins—Major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta and gamma globulins are examples.

Globulins—plasma protein; alpha, beta and gamma globulins. The gamma globulins are immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens.

Graft-versus-host disease—the immunocompetent cells in the donor’s tissue recognize the recipient’s tissues as foreign and attack them

Granulocyte—white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

Granulocyte—White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil.

Granulocytopenia— A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of granular white blood cells in the blood.  Also called granulopenia.

Granulocytopenia—Deficiency of granulocytes.

Granulocytosis—abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. An increase in neutrophils in the blood may occur in response to infection. Eosinophilia and basophilia

Granulocytosis—Increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood.

Hematocrit (Hct)—percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

Hematocrit—it gives the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. is the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood.

Hematocrit—Measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

hematocrit—percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

Hematocrit—Sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and percentage of RBCs is taken

Hematopoiesis—Formation of blood cells.

Hematopoiesis—stages in blood cell development. All blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoiesis—the formation and development of blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation—peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant—Peripheral (found in the blood) stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient.

Hematopoietic stem cell—cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

Heme—iron-containing nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule

Hemochromatosis—excess iron deposits throughout the body. (type of anemia)

Hemochromatosis—Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body

Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGM)—total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

Hemoglobin test—Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of blood.

hemoglobin—blood protein

Hemoglobin—Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin—Blood protein found in red blood cells.

Hemoglobinopathy—Disease or defect of hemoglobin production. Sickle cell anemia is an example.

Hemoglobinopathy—Hemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule.[1] Hemoglobinopathies are inherited single-gene disorders; in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits.[2] Common hemoglobinopathies include sickle-cell disease.

Hemoglobin—red cells contains the unique protein it, which is composed of heme (iron –containing pigment) and globin (protein). It enables the erythrocyte to carry oxygen. The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin produces the bright red color of blood

Hemolysis—a process when after 120 days, macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow destroy the worn-out erythrocytes. Macrophages break down erythrocyte and hemoglobin into heme and globin portions. The heme releases iron and decomposes into a yellow-orange pigment known as bilirubin.  Destruction or breakdown of blood

Hemolysis—Breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed.

Hemolysis—Destruction of red cells

Hemolysis—Destruction or breakdown of blood; specifically red blood cells.

Hemolysis—occurs when during transfusion, the blood is not compatible with the blood recipient from the donor, which may be followed by excessive clotting in blood vessels which is a life threatening condition.

Hemolytic anemia—Reduction in erythrocytes due to excessive destruction of red blood cells.

Hemolytic anemia—Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction

Hemolytic anemia—reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.  One example is congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)

Hemophila—excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factors VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting

Hemophilia—Excessive bleeding

Hemophilia—Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII

Hemophilia—Excessive bleeding caused by lack of Factor VIII or IX.

Hemophilia—Hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. Affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX).

hemoptysis—spitting up blood

Hemostasis—Stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood.

Hemostasis—The stoppage of blood flow through a blood vessel or body part

Heparin—an anticlotting substance

HEPARIN—An anticoagulant produced by the liver cells and found in blood and tissues.

Heparin—anticoagulant produced by liver and found in blood and tissues

Heparin—Anticoagulation found in the blood

Heparin—produced by tissue cells is an example of anticoagulant. Other drugs are warfarin (Coumadin) are given to patients with thromboembolic disease to prevent clotting

Histamine—a chemical released in allergic responses

Hypochromia—cell have reduced color (less hemoglobin)

Hypochromia—Reduction of hemoglobin

Hypochromic—hypochromic anemia is marked by a decreased concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells

Hypochromic—Pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Idiopathic—relating to a disease having no known cause; agnogenic.

Idiophatic thrombocytopenic purpura—Deficiency of platelets with hemorrhages into skin

Immune system—Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.

Immunisuppressive drugs—drugs such as cyclosporine and methotrexate

Immunoglobulin—Antibody-containing protein in the blood; IgA, IgG, IgM,

Immunoglobulin—protein (globulin) with antibody activity

Immunoglobulins—Proteins made by lymphocytes in response to antigens in the blood

inspiration—breathing in

Intrinsic factor—Substance normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.

Iron-deficiency anemia—Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin

leukapheresis—carrying white blood cells

Leukapheresis—Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.

Leukapheresis—the selective separation and removal of leukocytes from withdrawn blood, the remainder of the blood then being retransfused into the donor.

Leukemia—a progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow

leukemia—excessive increase in white blood cells with immature forms

Leukemia—increase in cancerous white blood cells

Leukocytes—white blood cells; they are less numerous than erythrocytes and there are five different types of mature leukocytes. (Labeled in a diagram). The granulocytes, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte, ate the most numerous about 60%.

Leukocyte—White blood cell.

Leukocytopenia—Deficiency of white blood cells.

Leukocytopenia—Lack of white blood cells

Leukopenia-- Leukopenia (also known as leukocytopenia, or leucopenia, from Greek λευκό - white and πενία -deficiency) is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection.

Lymphocyte—are made in bone marrow and lymph nodes and circulate both in the bloodstream and in the parallel circulating system, the lymphatic system. It plays an important role in the immune response that protects the body against infection. They can directly attack foreign matter and make antibodies that lead to destruction of foreign antigen. Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

Lymphocyte—Leukocyte formed in the lymph tissue

Lymphocyte—White blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing antibodies.

Lymphoid progenitor cells—give rise to monoblasts and lymphoblasts

Macrocystosis—Increase in numbers of large cells

Macrocytosis—blood condition in which erythrocyte are larger than normal

Macrocytosis—cells are large

Macrocytosis—Presence of large red blood cells in the blood.

macrophage—large cell that engulfs foreign material and worn-out red cells

Macrophage—Large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues.

Macrophages—monocyte that move from the bloodstream into tissues and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris by phagocytosis. In the liver, spleen and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells

Mediastinum—central cavity between the lungs in the chest

Megakaryocyte—large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

Megakaryocyte—Large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow.

Megakaryocyte—platelet precursor formed in the bone morrow

Microcytosis—a blood condition in which erythrocyte are smaller than normal

Microcytosis—cells are small

Microcytosis—Increase in numbers of small cells

Microcytosis—Increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells.

Monoblast—An immature cell that develops into a monocyte.

Monoblast—Immature monocyte.

Monocytes—are phagocytic cells that also fight disease. A leukocyte with one large nucleus. Dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris by phagocytosis. Monocyte become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues

Monocyte—White blood cell (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enter tissues as macrophages.

Monocyte—White blood cell, phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage

Mononuclear—containing/pertaining to one large nucleus do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm. They may have few granules such as lymphocytes and monocytes.

Mononuclear—Pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte.

Mononucleosis—Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

Mononucleosis—infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. This disease is transmitted by the Epstein-Barr virus

Morphology—Study of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells.

multiple myeloma—Malignant tumor of bone marrow.

Multimyeloma—malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. It destroys bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein, an immunoglobulin fragment found in urine.

Multiple myeloma—Malignant tumor of bone marrow; overproduction of immunoglobulins and destruction of bone tissue.

Myelo blast—immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

Myelo blast—Immature granulocytic while blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow.

Myeloblasts—Immature bone marrow cell that develops into a white blood cell.

myelodysplasia—improper formation of bone marrow cells

Myelodysplasia—The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, formerly known as preleukemia) are a diverse collection of hematological (blood-related) medical conditions that involve ineffective production (or dysplasia) of the myeloid class of blood cells

Myelogenous—Pertaining to cells produced in the bone marrow.

Myeloid progenitor cells—give rise to erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts and myeloblasts.

Myeloid—Derived from bone marrow

Myeloid—derived from bone marrow

Myelopoiesis—Formation and development of bone marrow or cells that originate from it.

Myelopoiesis—Formation of bone marrow

Myelopoiesis—the formation of marrow or the cells arising from it

Nasopharyngitis—inflammation of the nose and throat

Neutropenia—Deficiency in number of white blood cells

Neutropenia—Deficiency of a type of white blood cell.

Neutropenia—Deficiency of neutrophils.

Neutropenia—Neutropenia, a subtype of leukopenia, refers to a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophil granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cells. The terms leukopenia and neutropenia may occasionally be used interchangeably, as the neutrophil count is the most important indicator of infection risk

Neutrophilia—Increased numbers of neutrophils.

Neutrophils—white blood cells contain granules that are neutral; they do not stain instantly and show only a pale color. It is phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection, where they digest and destroy bacteria. The term polymorphonuclear granulocytes “poly” often describes neutrophils. Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow
Neutrophil—Leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow

Neutrophil—white blood cell that destroys foreign material by phagocytosis

Neutrophil—White blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed in the bone marrow and the body's first line of defense against disease.

Orthopnea—breathing is easier in an upright position

Oxyhemoglobin—the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin

Packed cells—are a preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anaemia to restore levels of hemoglobin

Packed red cells—(whole blood with most of the plasma removed). A patient who is severely anemic and needs only red blood cells will receive a transfusion of packed red cells.

Palliative—Relieving, but not curing

Palliative—Relieving, but not curing illness.

Pancytopenia—abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blood.

Pancytopenia—Deficiency of all (blood) cells.

Pancytopenia—Deficiency of all blood cells

Pancytopenia—occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes.

parenchymal—essential cells of an organ

Partial thromboplastin time—Measurement of presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway.

Pernicious anemia—lack of mature ertyhrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B₁₂ into the bloodstream. Vitamin B₁₂ is necessary for the proper development and maturation of erythrocytes. Vitamin B₁₂ cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream without the aid of a special substance called intrinsic factor that is normally found in gastric juice.

Pernicious anemia—Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.

pernicious anemia—Lack of mature erythrocytes owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12

Pernicious anemia—Lack of mature red cells due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

pernicious anemia—lack of mature red cells owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12

pernicious—anemia lack of mature

Petechiae—Small, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin.

Phagocyte—Cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it

Plasma exchange—a procedure when plasma is removed from the patient and fresh plasma is given

Plasma—Liquid portion of blood

Plasma—Liquid portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, hormones and vitamins.

Plasmapheresis—a centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of blood. Plasmapheresis is a blood purification procedure used to treat several autoimmune diseases. It is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange.

Plasmapheresis—process of separating plasma from cells and then removing plasma from the patient by centrifuge. The entire blood sample is spun in a centrifuge machine, and the plasma, being lighter than cells, moves to the top of the sample. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma

Plasmapheresis—Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.

Plasma—the liquid part of the blood, consists of water, dissolved proteins, sugar, wastes, salts, hormones and other substances. The four major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin (the last two are clotting proteins)

platelet blood gramnet collects to begin clotting process

Platelet count—number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm³) or microliter of blood. Platelets are average between 150, 000 and 350,000 per mm³

Platelet—Clotting cell or thrombocyte.

Platelet—count Number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter ( L) of blood.

Plateletpheresis—A process in which platelets are removed from donated blood and the remaining components are returned to the donor

Plateletpheresis—Separation of clotting cells from the rest of the blood (using a centrifuge).

Plateletpheresis—Separation of platelets from the rest of the blood.

Platelets (thrombocytes)—blood cell fragment, are formed in bone marrow from giant cells with multilobed nuclei called megakaryocytes. Tiny fragments of a megakaryocyte break off to form platelets. The main function of platelets is to help blood to clot. They are important in beginning the process following injury to tissues or blood vessel.  Small blood fragment that collects at site of injury to begin the clotting process

pleural—pertaining to double folded membrane surrounding each lung

pleura—membrane surround the lungs

pluerodynia—pain of the pleura (chest wall)

pneumoconiosis—abnormal condition of dust in the lung

pneumonia—acute infection of alveoli which fill with pus

Poikilocytosis—A disorder of red blood cell morphology

Poikilocytosis—cells are irregularly shaped

Poikilocytosis—condition of irregularly shaped cells (red blood cells).

Poikilocytosis—Irregularity in shape

poikilocytosis—irregularity in shape of red blood cells, in certain types of anemia

Poikilocytosis—irregularity in the shape of red blood cells. It occurs in certain types of anemia

polycythemia vera—Erythemia

PolycythemiaVera—general increase in red blood cell (erythremia) (type of anemia)

polycythemiavera—increase in red blood cells

Polymorphonuclear—Pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells).

Polymorphonuclear—pertaining to white blood cells with a multi-lobed: neutrophils

Progenitorcells—derived from hematopoietic stems cells.

Prophylaxis—prevention

PROTEIN—globulin

Prothrombin time (PT)—test of the ability of blood to clot. Prothrombin is one of the clotting factors (factor II) made by the liver, partial thromboplastin time measure other clotting factors

Prothrombintime—Test of the ability of blood to clot.

Prothrombin—plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

Purpura—multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. Hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes produce red-purple discoloration of the skin. Petechiae—are tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages. Ecchymoses—are larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises). Purpura can be caused by having two few  platelets (thrombocytopenia)

Purpura—Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin caused by deficiency of clotting cells (platelets).

Purpura—Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages; blood accumulates under the skin

purpura—Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages; thrombocytopenia

Red blood cell count—number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.  The normal number is 4 to 6 million per mm³

Red blood cell count—Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

Red blood cell morphology—A stained blood smear is examined to determine the shape of individual red blood cells

Red blood cell morphology—Blood smear is examined to determine the shape or form of cells

Red blood cell morphology—microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells. Abnormal morphology includes anisocytosis, poiklocytosis and sickle cells

Red blood cell morphology—Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells.

Relapse—occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear, necessitating further treatment

Relapse—Return of symptoms of disease.

Relapse—Symptoms of disease return

Relapse—Symptoms of disease return.

Remission –Symptoms of disease disappear

Remission—Disappearance of symptoms of disease.

remission—Symptoms of disease disappear.

Reticulocyte—Immature erythrocyte with a network of strands (reticulum).

Reticulocyte—immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes

Reticulocyte—Immature red blood cell

Rh factor—Antigen (protein) on red blood cells of Rh positive individuals.

Rh factor—besides A and B antigens, many other antigens are located in the surface of the red blood cells, such as Rh factor. Rh positive refers to a person who is born with Rh antigen. An Rh negative refers to a person who does not have Rh antigen

Serum—Plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells.

Serum—plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors

Shift to the left—describes an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood

Sickle cell anemia—Abnormal-red blood cells

Sickle cell anemia—Hereditary condition marked by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.

Sickle cell anemia—hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis

Sideropenia— a deficiency of iron; results from inadequate iron in the diet or from hemorrhage. An abnormally low level of iron in the blood serum.

Sideropenia—Deficiency of iron in the blood.

Sideropenia—Deficiency of iron.

Spherocytosis—cells are rounded

Spherocytosis—Increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia).

Spherocytosis—the erythrocyte has a round shape, making the cell fragile and easily able to be destroyed

Stem cell—An undifferentiated blood cell

Stem cell—Bone marrow cell

Stem cell—Unspecialized cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in the body. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and lead to the development of all types of blood cells.

Thalassemia—inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia. (type of anemia)

Thalassemia—Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin.

Thrombin—Enzyme necessary for blood clotting (converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting process).

Thrombin—enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

Thrombocyte—Platelet

Thrombocytopenia—Deficiency of clotting cells. An abnormal drop in the number

Thrombolytic therapy—Treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.

Thrombolytic therapy—used to dissolve clots

Thrombolytic—Pertaining to destruction of the clotting cell

Thrombosis—Condition of clot formation.

Thrombosis—the formation or presence of a thrombus

Tracheotomy—incision of the windpipe

Tuberculosis—infectious disease caused by bacilli and treated with INH (isoniazid)

WBC differential—Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs

White blood cell count—number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of the blood. Normal number is 5000 and 10,000 per mm³

White blood cell count—Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

White blood cell differential—Leukocytes are stained and counted under a microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms

White blood cell differential—percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood.

White blood cell differential—Percentage of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes.