Endocrine System - Medical Terminology

Achondroplasia—this is an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation; dwarfism results.

Acromegaly—Enlargement of extremities due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

Acromegaly—hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after the puberty leading to enlargement of extremities.  Such as bones in hands, feet, face and jaw grow abnormally large, producing a characteristic “Frankenstein”-type facial appearance

Acromegaly—Hypersecretion of the GH in adults which causes an overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face

Addison disease—hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is essential to life; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.

Addison's Disease—Hypofunction of the adrenal glands / do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone / weight loss, muscle atrophy, weakness, dark pigmentation of the skin and gums. increases secretion of melanin and hypertension. low glucose and sodium high potassium.

Adenectomy—removal of a gland

Adenohypophysis—anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Composed of glandular epithelial tissue

Adenopathy—disease of the endocrine glands above the kidney

Adrenal cortex—an out portion of adrenal gland that secrets steroids or corticosteroids (chemical derived from cholesterol), it secretes cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones

Adrenal cortex—Outer section of each adrenal gland. Secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

adrenal gland—one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys, consisting of a cortex, which produces steroidal hormones, and a medulla, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenal gland—two small glands, one on the top of each kidney. It consists of the two parts; an out portion, the adrenal cortex, and inner portion, the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex and medulla are two glands in one, secreting different hormones.

Adrenal medulla—an inner portion of adrenal glands that secretes catecholamines (chemical derived from amino acid); secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal virilism—excessive secretion of adrenal androgen. Adrenal hyperplasia or more commonly adrenal adenomas or carcinomas can cause virilization in adult women. Hirsutism is excessive hair on the face and body

Adrenalectomy—Adrenalectomy is the surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands, one located above each kidney, that produce hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, androgens, estrogens, aldosterone, and cortisol. Adrenalectomy is usually performed by conventional (open) surgery, but in selected patients surgeons may use laparoscopy

Adrenalectomy—removal of one of the glands above the kidney

Adrenaline Hormone—secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine. Adrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) during stress—is released from the anterior pituitary in response to a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Stimulates the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone—A peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone—it stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones (ACTH)—secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) also called adrenocortictropin. It stimulates the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic—Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex ACTH.

adrenocorticotropin—another word for ACTH; secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Adrenopathy—Disease of the adrenal glands.

Aldosterone Hormone—secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance.

Aldosterone—a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, regulates mineral balance in blood and controls fluid volumes

Aldosterone—a mineralocorticoid; plays an important role in the regulation of blood volume/pressure by regulating water reabsorption by the kidneys.

Aldosterone—secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption on the kidney; regulates blood volume, blood pressure and electrolyte concentration.

Androgen Male hormone—responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics.

Androgen—A steroid, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics. Also called androgenic hormone. Male hormone (producing male characteristics)

Androgen—this is a male steroid hormone

Anterior pituitary gland—the major hormones are growth hormones or somatotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormones or thyrotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone or adrenocorticotropin, gonadotropic hormones and prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)—secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); increases reabsorption of water by the kidney

Antidiuretic hormone—also called vasopressin—it stimulates the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules, it also increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles. It is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis). ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by the kidney

antidiuretic hormone—hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which aids in water reabsorption by the kidney

Antidiuretic hormones—posterior pituitary hormones that affect the kidneys and reduces water loss

Calcitonin Hormone—secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.

Calcitonin –lowers blood calcium level

Calcitonin—a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high. It stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones, thus lowering blood calcium back to normal. It contained in nasal spray may be used for treatment of osteoporosis by increasing calcium storage in bone. It strengthens weakened bone tissues and prevents spontaneous bone fracture. Produced by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in the bones. The antagonist of the parathyroid hormone.

Calcium—it is absorbed from the intestine and carried by the blood to the bones, where it is stored. If the body calcium decreases, the parathyroid hormone secretion increases, causing calcium to leave bones and the enter the bloodstream which bring the calcium level back to normal

Catecholamine hormones—the adrenal medulla secrets two types of catecholamine hormones, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Catecholamines Hormones—secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example.

Catecholamines—hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a catecholamine

Commander-In-Chief Hypothalamus–it controls the pituitary gland and therefore most of the endocrine system

Computed tomography CT scan—x-ray imaging of endocrine lands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor

Cortex—outer part of kidney which produces corticosteroids; helps body deal with long term stress

Corticosteroid—a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. Complex chemicals derived from cholesterol

Corticosteroids—Corticosteroids are group of natural and synthetic analogues of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, more commonly referred to as the pituitary gland. These include glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory agents with a large number of other functions; mineralocorticoids, which control salt and water balance primarily through action on the kidneys; and corticotropins, which control secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland.

Corticosteroids—hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar level), aldosterone (raise salt reabsorption by kidneys) and androgen and estrogen (sex hormones)

Corticosteroids—the adrenal cortex secrets three types of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones

Cortisol Hormone—secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar.

Cortisol—a glucocorticoid, also called hydrocortisone, stress hormone that causes the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis, elevates blood glucose in between meals.

Cortisol—helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism. It raises blood glucose as part of a response to stress. Secrete by adrenal cortex

Cortisol—secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Also helps to regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism.

Cortisol—secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by regulating glucose, carbohydrates, and fat levels

Cortisone—a hormones similar to cortisol and can be prepared synthetically. It is useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

Cretinism Hypothyroidism—during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth.

Cretinism—extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. Skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue growth

Cushing disease—this is one cause of Cushing "syndrome".

Cushing syndrome—excessive production of cortisol by adrenal cortex with symptoms of abnormal fat deposits and wasting away of muscle. Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Characterized by a moon-like fullness to the face, obesity, fat in the thoracic region of back (buffalo hump), hyperglycemia, hypertension and other conditions. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results.

Cushing syndrome—groups of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Cushings Disease—HYPERsecretion of cortisol and adrenal cortex from the adrenal cortex: Hyperglycemia losses in muscle tone and bone protein and water and sodium retention, hypertension and edema.

diabetes insipidus (DI)—insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopression); this causes kidney tubules to fail in holding back needed water and salts; characterized by polyuria and polydipsia

Diabetes Insipidus—HYPOsecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland.

Diabetes insipidus—Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia.

diabetes mellitus (DM)—lack of insulin or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. This condition prevents sugar from leaving the blood and entering body cells where it is used to produce energy

Diabetes Mellitus—HyPersecretion of insulin by the pancreas, or decreased insulin sensitivity by the body cells, which results in excessive urination due to an elevated blood glucose.

Diabetes mellitus—Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells.

Diabetes mellitus—lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar starch, and fat metabolism in cells. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It requires the patient to monitor their blood glucose levels several times a day using glucometer. Type 2 diabetes is a separate disease from type 1 and usually there is a family history of type 2. Both types are associated with primary and secondary complications. The primary complication is hyperglycemia which lead to ketoacidosis (fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body). Secondary complications may appear after the patient develops diabetes. These include destruction of the retinal blood vessels (diabetic retinopathy) causing visual loss and blindness: destruction of the kidneys (diabetic nephropathy)

diabetes—a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body's cells cannot use it properly, characterized by excessive thirst, weight loss/gain, frequent urination.

Dwarfism—Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism. Achondroplastic dwarfs differ from hypopituitary dwarfs as they have a genetic defect in cartilage formation that limits the growth of long bones

Electrolyte Substance—that, in solution, carries an electric charge; examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-).

Endemicgoiter—Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.

Endocrine System Functions—growth, reproduction, metabolism, behavior, and water-electrolyte-nutrient balance.

endocrine system—a collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones that regulate growth,development, and homeostsis

Endocrine system—is an information signaling system much like the nervous system. The nervous system uses nerves to conduct information, whereas, the endocrine system uses blood vessels as information channels. Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine tissue—hormones can also be secreted by endocrine tissue in other organs apart from the major endocrine glands. Examples are erythropoietin (kidney), human chorionic gonadotropin (placenta), and cholecystokinin (gallbladder).

Endocrinologist—Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.

Epinephrine (adrenaline)—secreted by the adrenal medulla increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airway (dilates bronchial tubes-sympathomimetic), and releases glucose from glycogen (storage substance) when they body needs it for more energy. It is part of the body’s “fight and flight” reaction

Epinephrine during stress—release is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. It increases heart rate and blood pressure. Causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose to elevate blood glucose

Epinephrine—another word for adrenaline; secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate, blood pressure, and dilates airways. It is part of the fight or flight reaction

Epinephrine—is used for asthmatic attacks by relaxation of the small bronchial tubes and the of the acute allergic reaction anaphylaxis

estradiol estrogen (female hormone)—secreted by the ovaries

Estradiol—estrogen secreted by the ovaries

Estrogen & Progesterone—oral contraceptive and to treat symptoms of menopause.

Estrogen—Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. (ie estradiol and estrogen). It stimulates development of ova and development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is responsible for the preparation and maintenance of the uterus in pregnancy. Female hormones secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone

Estrogenic—pertaining to, having the effects of, or similar to an estrogen

Euthyroid—Normal functioning of the thyroid gland.

Exocrine glands—send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body. Examples are sweat, mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal glands

Exophthalmometry—measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer

Exophthalmos—protrusion of eyeballs. Gravis disease is an example

Exophthalmos—Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism.

Fasting blood sugar—Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours. This test can diagnose diabetes mellitus.

Fasting plasma glucose—also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

Flight or Fight—Response Hormones Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) - Epinephrine

follicle stimulating hormone—secreted in increasing amounts during puberty, by the anterior pituitary gland, to stimulate development of reproductive cell follicles

Follicle Stimulation Hormone- FSH- (testes - ovaries). Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulate hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones—in females these hormones stimulate the growths of eggs in the ovaries, the production of hormones, and ovulation. In males, follicle-stimulating hormone influences the production of sperm, and luteinizing hormone stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

Gastroparesis—loss of gastric motility. Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes—can occur in women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.

Gigantism—hypersecretion of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissue.

Glands—located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific chemical messenger called hormones.

Glucagon Hormone—secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Glucagon—Raises blood glucose

Glucocorticoid Steroid hormone—secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar.

Glucocorticoids—these steroids hormones have an important influence on the metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins within all body cells and have a powerful inflammatory effect. Secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates fats, glucose and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response

Gluconeogenesis—process which the lover converts amino acids to glucose to elevate blood glucose to provide energy for muscular activity.

Glucose tolerance test—Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose.

Glucosuria--glucose in urine Diabetes Mellitus

Glycemic—Pertaining to blood sugar.

Glycemic—pertaining to the level of glucose in the blood.

Glycogen Animal starch—glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose).

Glycogen—animal starch

Glycosuria—Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus

Glycosuria—Sugar in urine.

Goiter—Enlargement of the thyroid gland. Enlargement of the thyroid gland. It develops when low iodine level lead to low T3 and T4 levels.

Gonadotropic hormones—it influences the growth and hormone secretion of the ovaries in females and testes in males. Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.

Gonadotropin—any hormone that stimulates the sex glands. It acts on gonads. Examples are FSH and LH, secreted by the pituitary gland

Gonads—reproductive glands

Graves Disease—a common form of hyperthyroidism resulting from overproduction of thyroxine; resulting from an autoimmune process. Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type o fhyperthyroidism.

Growth hormone—hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues. Promote protein synthesis that results in the growth of bones, muscles and other soft tissues. It also stimulates the liver to make insulin-like growth factor, which stimulates the growth of bones. It increases blood glucose and is secreted during exercise, sleep and hypoglycemia

Gynecomastia—enlargement of breasts in a male; occurs with puberty or aging, or the condition can be drug related.

Hashimoto Thyroiditis—The most common cause of hypothyroidism.

Hirsutism—Excessive hair growth.

Homeostasis—Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability.

Homeostasis—the adjustment of the level of calcium in the blood is a good example of the way hormones in general control the homeostasis of the body. Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

Hormonal Control—hormones from one gland cause the release of hormones from another gland. A change in the blood level of a hormone nutrient, or mineral ion releases hormones

Hormonal—Pertaining to a hormone.

Hormone—A specific chemical messenger that regulate the many and varied functions of an organism. Examples are one hormone stimulates the growth of bones, another causes the maturation of sex organs and reproductive cells, and another controls the metabolic rate within all the individual cells of the body. Each hormone has its own receptor, and binding of receptors by hormones is much like the interaction of a key and lock. Substance, secreted by endocrine gland that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.

hormone—chemical"messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood

Hormones Controlled by the Pituitary Glands—Adrenocorticotropic - ACTH - (Adrenal Cortex)

Hormones of thyroid gland—two hormones thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).  These hormones are synthesized in the thyroid gland from iodine, which is picked up from the blood circulating through the gland and from an amino acid called tyrosine. T4 (containing four atoms of iodine) is much more concentrated in the blood, whereas, T3 (containing three atoms of iodine) is far more potent in affecting the metabolism of cells.

Hydrocortisone--(cortisol and adrenal steroid) used to relief of inflammation for a variety of pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, lupus, and asthma

Hypercalcemia—high levels of calcium in the blood; often due to hyperparathyroidism.

Hypercalciuria—excess of calcium in the urine.

Hyperglycemia—abnormally increased content of glucose/sugar in the blood

Hyperinsulinism—excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. The cause may be a tumor of the pancreas (benign adenoma. It occurs as insulin draws sugar out of the bloodstream

Hyperinsulinism—Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas.

Hyperkalemia—The normal concentration of potassium in the serum is in the range of 3.5 to 5.0 mM. Hyperkalemia refers to serum or plasma levels of potassium ions above 5.0 mM. The concentration of potassium is often expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), rather than in units of millimolarity (mM). Both units mean the same thing when applied to concentrations of potassium ions.

Hyperparathyroidism—excessive production of parathormone. Hypercalcemia occurs as calcium leaves the bones and enters the bloodstream where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart. Kidney stones can occur as a result of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.

Hyperparathyroidism—Increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.

Hypersecretion—excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland

Hyperthyroidism—high levels of T3 & T4 hormones; causes intense nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, sweating, and tremors - Exophthalmos - Bulging Out of the Eyes. Increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism—overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. The most common form of this condition is Graves’ disease (resulting from autoimmune processes), the condition is marked by an increase in heart rate, weight loss and increased peristalsis (diarrhea). In addition, exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball or proptosis) occurs as a result of swelling of tissue behind the eyeball, pushing it forward.

Hyperthyroidism—overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. Graves disease is an example

hyposecretion—deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland

Hypocalcemia—Hypocalcemia, a low blood calcium level

Hypoglycemia—Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar (glucose), your body's main energy source. Hypoglycemia is commonly associated with the treatment of diabetes

Hypoglycemia—Low levels of sugar in the blood. Occurs when too much insulins is taken by the patient

Hypogonadism—deficiency (in growth and secretions) of the sex glands. Deficiency of gonadotropin can produce hypogonadism. Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).

Hypoinsulinism—a deficiency of insulin secretion by cells of the pancreas, with associated signs and symptoms of diabetes.

Hypokalemia—Hypokalemia is a condition of below normal levels of potassium in the blood serum. Potassium, a necessary electrolyte, facilitates nerve impulse conduction and the contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles, including the heart. It also facilitates cell membrane function and proper enzyme activity. Levels must be kept in a proper (homeostatic) balance for the maintenance of health. Hypokalemia means serum or plasma levels of potassium ions that fall below 3.5 mM. (Potassium concentrations are often expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter [mEq/L], rather than in units of millimolarity [mM], however, both units are identical and mean the same thing when applied to concentrations of potassium ions.) Hypokalemia can result from two general causes: either from an overall depletion in the body's potassium or from excessive uptake of potassium by muscle from surrounding fluids.

Hypokalemia—Low levels of potassium in the blood.

Hyponatremia—Low levels of sodium in the blood.

Hypoparathyroidism—Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. It occurs when calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream. This lead to muscle and nerve weakness with spasms of muscules a condition called tetany (constantly muscle contraction)

Hypoparathyroidism—deficient production of the parathyroid hormone.

Hypophysectomy—Removal of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, which is so named because it grows from the undersurface of the brain. Hypophysectomy or hypophysis is the removal of the pituitary gland

Hypophysis—Pituitary gland.

Hypopituitarism—Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Hypopituitarism—Hypopituitarism is loss of function in an endocrine gland due to failure of the pituitary gland to secrete hormones which stimulate that gland's function. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. Patients diagnosed with hypopituitarism may be deficient in one single hormone, several hormones, or have complete pituitary failure.

Hypothalamus—a region of the brain under the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. Signals transmitted from the hypothalamus control secretions by the pituitary gland. Special secretory neurons in the hypothalamus send releasing and inhibiting factors via capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland. It also produces and secretes hormones directly to the posterior pituitary gland. Part of the brain which links the endocrine and nervous system, and controls the pituitary gland. Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones

Hypothyroidism—Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Low levels of T3 & T4 hormones; causes mental and physical sluggishness, feeling cold, dry hair and skin; facial swelling - Goiter - enlarged Thyroid Gland. Thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruction of the gland by irradiation).

Infundibulum—A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Insipidus—tasteless, reflecting the condition of dilute urine

Insula—means "island".

Insulinshock—is severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food or excessive exercise.

Insulin—a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose. Insulin helps sugar leave the blood and enter cells. Insulin helps lower blood sugar by helping it to enter the body cells, when the blood glucose rises. It also lowers blood sugar by causing conversion of glucose to glycogen (a starch form of sugar) in the liver. If blood sugar level fall too low, glucagon raises blood sugar by acting on liver to promote conversion of glycogen back to glucose. Thus, the endocrine function of the pancreas is another example of homeostasis, the body’s ability to regulate its inner environment to maintain stability. It is secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas.

Iodine—usually taken in as iodized salt into the diet.

Islet—alpha and beta cells

islets of Langerhans—a specialized hormone-producing cell produced by the endocrine tissue of the pancreas; produce insulin and glucagon which both play a role in regulating blood glucose levels.

Islets of langerhans—produce insulin (produced by beta cells) and glucagon (produced by alpha cells). Both play a role in regulating blood glucose levels.

Isthmus—is a narrow strip of glandular tissue of the thyroid gland that connects the two lobes on the ventral surface of the trachea. Of the thyroid gland is a narrow strip of glandular tissue

Ketoacidosis—High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel.

Ketonuria—ketone bodies in urine from excessive metabolism of fat for energy

luteinizing hormone—A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. (testes - ovaries). Stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Medulla—inner part of kidney which produces epineprine and norepinephrine

Melanocyte—MSH- (skin to release melanin)

Melatonin—Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, used to regulate sleep patterns. It functions to support the body’s “biological clock” and it thought to induce sleep. Melatonin secretion increases with the deprivation of light and is inhibited by sunlight.

Mellitus—sweet or like honey, reflecting sugar content of the urine.

Mineralocorticoid Hormone—secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.

Mineralocorticoids—the major mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. It regulates the concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) in the body. Aldosterone acts on the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium. Thus, it regulates blood volume and blood pressure and electrolyte concentration. Steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body.

Myxedema— A disease caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland in adults and characterized by dry skin, swellings around the lips and nose, mental deterioration, and a subnormal basal metabolic rate. Mucus-like material accumulates under the skin

Myxedema—advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs, and practically no hormone produced. Skin becomes dry and puffy, atrophy of the gland and possible atherosclerosis due to increased quantity of blood lipids (fats)

Myxedema—Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults.

Negativee feedback—a response that opposes the original stimulus

Neural Control—release of some hormones directly controlled by the nervous system

Neurohypophysis—Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.

Nodular goiter—Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.

Nodular or adenomatous goiter—hyperplasia occurs as well as formation of nodules and adenomas. Some patient develop hyperthyroidism with clinical signs and symptoms such as rapid pulse, tremors, nervousness and excessive sweating.

Norepinephrine Hormone—secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic.

Norepinephrine—secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic). It constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure. Also called noradrenaline

One messenger—model mechanism of hormone action used by steroid hormones which bring their message directly into the cell

Osteoporosis—a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily; may be caused by hypersecretion of parahormone

Ovarian hormones—these are estrogen (estradiol and estrone) and progesterone.

Ovaries—female gonads secrete estrogen & progesterone stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Ovaries—the ovaries are two small glands located in the lower abdominal region of the female. It produces the female gamete, the ovum, as well as hormones that are responsible for female sex characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

Oxytocin Hormone—secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

Oxytocin—A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles during labor.

Oxytocin—a hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary, which has uterine-contracting and milk-releasing actions; it may also be prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals; used to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection. Induces contraction of the uterine muscles during childbirth and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and it stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and maintains labor during childbirth. It also secreted suckling and causes the production of milk from the mammary glands

Pancreas Endocrine--(islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach.

Pancreas—located inferior and posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach, secretes insulin and glucagon

Pancreas—located near and partly behind the stomach in the region of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The endocrine tissue of the pancreas consist specialized hormone-producing cells called the islets of langerhans or islet cells. More than 98 % of the pancreas consists of exocrine cells (glands and ducts). These cells secrete digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract.  Islet cells secrete hormones from the pancreas. It also contains sells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon; contains cells that are exocrine in function; secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion

Pancreatectomy—resection of an endocrine gland below the stomach

Panhypopituitarism—deficiency of all pituitary hormones. Tumors of sella turcica as well as arterial aneurysms may be etiologic factors causing a failure of all pituitary to secrete hormones. Generalized hypopituitarism due to absence or damage of the pituitary gland, which, in its complete form, leads to absence of gonadal function and insufficiency of thyroid and adrenal function. When cachexia is a prominent feature, it is called Simmonds' disease or pituitary cachexia.

Parahormone—secreted by parathyroid glands and controls calcium and phosphate metabolism. Regulates calcium in the blood.

Parathyroid Glands—4 small granules located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland - Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - INCREASES Blood Calcium Level. This endocrine gland is a small pea-sized, four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Range from 3-5 glands on a person. The parathyroid glands regulate the balance of calcium in the body

Parathyroidhormones—secreted by parathyroid gland. It is also known as parathormone, which mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream, where calcium is necessary for proper functioning of body tissues, especially muscles. It raises blood calcium

parathyroidectomy—removal of a gland behind the thyroid. Removal of parathyroid glands.

Parts of pituitary gland—it has two distinct parts: an anterior lobe or adenohypophysis and posterior lobe or neurohypophysis.

Pheochromocytoma—Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o).

Pineal gland—A small mass of tissue near the center of the brain; it secretes the hormone melatonin. Endocrine gland that produces melatonin that helps regulate sleep/wake cycle, depresses mood and is associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Pineal gland—located in the central portion of the brain, secretes melatonin. It has been linked to a mental condition, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in which the person suffers depression in winter months. Calcification of the pineal gland and can be important radiologic landmark when x-ray of the brains are examined

Pituitary gland—also called hypophysis, is a small pea-sized located at the base of the brain in a small pocket-like depression of the skull called the sella turcica. It is a well-protected gland, with the entire mass of the brain above it and the nasal cavity below. It is often called the “master gland’ because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine gland. Composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). This endocrine gland is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe.

Polydipsia—chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake

Polyphagia—excessive hunger

Polyuria—excessive secretion of urine. Both insipidus and mellitus are characterized by polyuria

Poor Circulation—extreme dehydration and hypertension

Positive feedback—Process that amplifies a small change (Reinforce change)

Posterior pituitary gland—two important hormones antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Pre-diabetes—blood glucose is higher than normal but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes

Progesterone—A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Prolactin Peptide—hormone released by anterior pituitary which promotes lactation.

Prolactin—a hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates and sustains lactation in postpartum mammals, and shows luteotropic activity in certain mammals. It stimulates breasts development during pregnancy and sustain milk production after birth. PRL- (mammary glands (milk production). Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promote milk secretion

Prostaglandins—hormones-like substance that affect the body in many ways. First found in semen (produced by the prostate gland) but now recognized in cells throughout the body. Prostaglandins stimulate contractions of the uterus, regulate body temperature, platelet aggregation, and acid secretion in the stomach, and have the ability to lower blood pressure. Local hormones that do not enter the bloodstream. Molecules that act like hormones, they are produced, act and are rapidly inactivated in or close to their sites of origins

Protein hormones—class of hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane; less likely to be stored in the body

Radioactive iodine uptake—Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function.

Receptors—recognition sites in the various target tissues on which the hormones act. It initiates specific biologic effects when the hormones bind to them. Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

Sella turcica—Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland.

Serum and urine tests—measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose and other substances in serum and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Sex hormones—androgens (testosterone) and estrogen are secreted in small amounts and influence secondary sex characteristics, such as pubic and axillary hair. In females, the masculinizing effects of adrenal androgens (increased body hair) may appear when levels of ovarian estrogen decrease after menopause.

Signs of Diabetes—Hyperglycemia & DeHydration

Somatotropin—secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (growth hormone)

Steroid Complex—substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids (estrogens, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone).

Steroid hormone—class of hormones that can pass through the cell membrane; can be stored in the body

Steroids—complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made. Examples are estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoids, and mineral corticoids. The adrenal cortex secretes this; a complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made.

Sympathometic—term for dilating airways

Sympathomimetic agents—epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic agents because they mimic or copy, the action of the sympathetic nervous system. They are released to help the body meet the challenges of stress in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathomimetic—Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones. Adrenaline is an example as it raises blood pressure, heart rate and dilates airways)

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)—excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Hypersecretion of ADH produces excess water retention in the body

T3 & T4—necessary in the body to maintain in normal level of metabolism in all body cells. Cells need oxygen on metabolic processes, one aspect of which is burning food to release the energy stored within it.

Target tissue—cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Testes function—testosterone is an androgen (male steroid hormone) that stimulate development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male development of beard and pubic hair, deepening of voice and distribution of fats

Testes—are two small ovoid glands suspended from the inguinal region of the male by the spermatic cord and surrounded by the scrotal sac. The testes produce the male gametes spermatozoa as well as the male hormone testosterone secretion. Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male. Male gonads secrete testosterone stimulated by luteinizing hormones. This endocrine gland are two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Testosterone—male hormones secreted by the testes. The male sex hormone produced by the testes which promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, and development of the male secondary sex characteristics.

Tetany—constant muscle contraction; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.

Tetraiodothyronine Hormone—secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4).

Tetraiodothyronine—another word for thyroxine (T4)

Thalamus—relay center of the brain.

The ductless endocrines glands—thyroid gland, parathyroid gland (four glands), adrenal glands (one pair), pancreas (islets if Langerhans), pituitary gland, ovaries in female (one pair), testes in male (one pair), pineal gland. The pineal and thymus glands are included as endocrine glands because they are ductless.

Three S’s—the main adrenal cortex hormones that influence sugar (cortisol), salt (aldosterone) and sex (androgen and estrogens)

Thymusgland—Gland located near the heart; it aids in the body's defense against infection by making antibodies. Secretes hormones called thymosins that affect the production of certain white blood cells called T Lymphocytes (TCELLS) which are essential to the functioning of the Immune system. This endocrine gland is located behind the sternum in the mediastinum; produces a hormone thymosin (important for immune responses in newborns)

Thyroid carcinoma—cancer of the thyroid gland. More than half of thyroid malignancies are slow-growing papillary carcinomas and about one and third are slow-growing follicular carcinomas.

Thyroid cartilage—it covers the larynx and produces the prominence on the neck known in men as the “Adam’s apple”. Known as the Adam's apple of the neck; sets above the thyroid gland

Thyroid function tests—measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream. Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.

Thyroid gland—composed of a right and left lobe on either side of the trachea, just below a large piece of cartilage called thyroid cartilage. In anterior view, covers the trachea like a shield. Located in the neck on either side of the trachea. Secrete thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin

Thyroid gland—Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea; that regulates rate of metabolism; produces thyroxine. In throat below Adam's apple , is a bi-lobed butterfly shaped gland located in the front and sides of the trachea below the larynx. This endocrine gland is comprised of a right and left lobe; located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine.

Thyroid hormones—aids cells in their uptakes of oxygen and thus supports the metabolic rate in the body. Injection of thyroid gland increase the metabolic rate, whereas removal of thyroid gland, diminishing thyroid hormone content in the body, results in a lower metabolic rate, heat loss, and poor physical mental development

Thyroid scan—Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone—TSH - (Thyroid Gland)

Thyroiditis—inflammation of the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ next to the windpipe.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyrotropin—secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormones—it stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of T3 and T4

Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism—overactivity of the thyroid gland

Thyrotoxicosis—condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. Signs are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia and nervousness

thyrotropic hormone—a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland

Thyrotropic hormone—a substance secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that controls the release of thyroid hormone and is necessary for the growth and function of the thyroid gland. The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, elaborated in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and circulating thyroid hormone levels. Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.

thyroxine (T4)—secreted by the thyroid gland; increases metabolism in cells. Also called tetraiodothyronine.

Triiodothyronine Hormone—secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; T3. Regulates cellular metabolism

Two messenger—model mechanism of hormone action used by protein hormones; attach to cell membrane receptors which activate enzymes in the cell to produce the desired effect

Type 1 diabetes—is an autoimmune disease; onset is usually in early childhood, patients are usually thin and require frequent injections of insulin and require a glucometer.

Type 2 diabetes—this diabetes condition is where patients are usually older, and obesity is very common, characterized by insulin resistance; treatment is with diet, weight reduction and exercise

Ultrasound examination—sound waves how images of endocrine organs

Urine microalbumin assay—may detect small quantities of albumin in urine as a marker or harbinger of diabetic nephropathy

Vasopressin Hormone—secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH