Abortion—termination
of pregnancy before the embryo or foetus can exist on its own. It is spontaneous
or induced. Spontaneous abortions, commonly called “miscarriages”, occur
without apparent cause. Major methods for abortion include vaginal evacuation
by D & C or vacuum aspiration and stimulation of uterine contractions by injection
of saline into the amniotic cavity
Abruption placentae—premature
separation of the normally implanted placenta, it occurs because of trauma or
hypertension
Adnnexae uteri—fallopian
tubes, ovaries and supporting ligaments
Amenorrhea—absence
of menses for 6 months or for longer than three of the patient’s normal
menstrual cycles
Amniocentesis—Amniocentesis
is a procedure used to diagnose fetal defects in the early second trimester of
pregnancy. A sample of the amniotic fluid, which surrounds a foetus in the womb,
is collected through a pregnant woman's abdomen using a needle and syringe.
Amniocentesis—needle
puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
Amnion—innermost
membranous sac surrounding the developing foetus. Hold the foetus suspended in an
amniotic cavity surrounded by an amniotic
fluid
Amniotic fluid—The
fluid within the amnion that surrounds the foetus and protects it from injury.
Anovulatory—Absence
of the development of a mature ovarian follicle and/or the discharge of the
oocyte during a menstrual cycle
Apgar score—system
of scoring an infant’s physical condition 1 and 5 minute after birth, heart
rate, respiration, color, muscle tone and response to stimuli each are rated 0,
1 or 2. The maximum total score is 10. Infants with Apgar sore below 7 require
special immediate medical attention such as airways or oxygen to help breathing
Areola—the dark
pigment area around the mammary papilla
Aromatase inhibitors—drugs
that inhibit the action of aromatase: used in the treatment of breast and
ovarian cancer
Ascites—accumulation
of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Aspiration—withdrawal
of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
Bag of water—the
amnion with its fluid, also known as amniotic sac, which rupture during labor
Bartholin glands—two
small, rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice. These glands
produce a mucous secretion that lubricates the vagina
Bartholinitis—abartholin
cyst is a fluid-filled sac caused by blockage of a duct from the Bartholin
gland. If bacterial infection occurs, an abscess may form
BRCA1—testing for
hereditary mutations, breast cancer 1 is advised for family history of breast
cancer
BRCA2— testing
for hereditary mutations breast cancer 2, is advised for family history of
breast cancer
Breech presentation—is
buttock first, or feet first in a footling breech
Carcinoma in situ—(CIS),
a localized form of cancer. Location resection (conization) may be necessary to
treat CIS
Carcinoma of the
breast—malignant tumor of the breast. The most common type is invasive
ductal carcinoma.
Carcinoma of the
cervix—malignant cells within the cervix. Infection with human
papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important cause of cervical cancer. Other
facts include smoking, multisexual partners and weakened immune system.
Carcinoma of the
endometrium—endometrial cancer is a malignant tumor of the uterine lining
(adenocarcinoma). The most common sign is post menopausal bleeding. Mostly
occurs in women exposed to high levels of estrogen
Cauterization—destruction
of tissue by burning. It is used to treat cervical dysplasia or cervical
erosion
Cephalic presentation—head
first during labor
Cephalic version—Version
in which the foetus is turned so that the head presents. The foetus turns so that
the head is the body part closet to the cervix
Cervical erosion—cervical
erosion destruction of the squamous epithelium of the vaginal portion of the
cervix, due to irritation and later ulceration.
Cervicitis—inflammation
of the cervix—bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea
commonly cause cervicitis
Cervix—the
narrow, lowermost and neck-like portion of the uterus.
Cesareansection—surgical
incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a foetus
Chorionic villus
sampling—sampling of placental tissue for prenatal diagnosis
Chorionic—relating
to the chorion
Chorion—outermost
layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of
the placenta
Cilia—hair line
the fallopian tube, through their motion, sweep the ovum along
Clitoris—an organ
of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the vaginal orifice and in
front of the urethral meatus
Coitus—sexual
intercourse; copulation
Colposcopic
examination—vaginoscope; a speculum for examining the vagina and cervix
using a magnifying lens.
Colposcopy—visual
examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
Conization—removal
of a cone-shaped section of the cervix
Corpus luteum—
empty ovarian follicle that functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the
hormone progesterone into the bloodstream. Literally means yellow body
Corpus—larger,
central section of the uterus
Cryocauterization—destroying
tissue by freezing
Cryosurgery—use
of cold temperature to destroy tissue. A liquid nitrogen probe produces the
freezing temperature also called cryocauterization
Cul-de-sac—midway
between the uterus and the rectum is a region in the abdominal cavity
Culdocentesis—a
needle is place through the posterior wall of the vagina and fluid is withdrawn
for diagnostic purposes
Culocentesis—needle
aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
Curet—metal loop
at the end of a long, think handle in D & C
Curettage—scraping
the inner lining of the uterus
Cystadenocarcinomas—adenocarcinoma
with tumor-lined cystic cavities, usually in the ovaries
Dermoid cysts—often
called benign cystic teratoma. A
tumor, derived from embryonal tissues, consisting of a fibrous wall lined with
epithelium and a cavity containing fatty material, hair, teeth, bits of bone,
and cartilage
Digitaltomosynthesis—a
new method of mammography.
Dilation and
curettage (D&C)—widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial
lining of the uterus
Down syndrome—chromosomal
abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat
face with a short nose, low-set ears and slanted eyes
Dysmenorrhea—occurrence of
painful cramps during menstruation
Dyspareunia—pain
in the pelvic area during or after sexual intercourse.
Dysplasia—abnormal
cell growth
Dystocia—Aslow or
difficult labor or delivery
Eclampsia—final
and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia
Ectopic pregnancy—implantation
of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location. This
condition occurs 15% of pregnancies and 90% of these occur in the fallopian
tubes.
Eklampein—a Greek
word means “to shine forth”, referring to convulsion and hypertension
Elective abortion—performed
at the request of the woman
Embryo—after many
cell divisions, a ball of cell forms, and the zygote is then known as embryo (2
to 8 weeks)
Endocervicitis—inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the uterine cervix
Endometriomas—chocolate
cysts. A circumscribed mass of endometrial tissue occurring outside the uterus
in endometriosis
Endometriosis—endometrial
tissue located outside the uterus.
Endometritis—Inflammation
of the endometrium or mucous membrane of the uterus
Endometrium—the
inner layer, a specialized epithelial mucosa of the uterus
Episiotomy—an
incision through the skin of the perineum enlarges the vaginal orifice for
delivery. The incision is repaired by perineorrhaphy
Erythroblastosisfetalis—hemolytic
disease in the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility
between the mother and the fetus
Estrogen—hormone
produced by the ovaries; promote female secondary sex characteristics
Exenteration—removal
of internal organs within a cavity
Fallopian tubes—one
of the pair of ducts through which the ovum lead from each ovary to the uterus.
Also called an oviduct. It is about 5 ½ long and lies near each ovary. It
usually takes the ovum about 2 to 3 days to pass through the fallopian tube
Fertilization—union
of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
Fetal monitoring—continuous
recording of the fatal heart rate and maternal uterine contraction to assess
fetal status and the progress of labor
Fetal presentation—a
manner in which the foetus appears to the examiner during delivery
Fetus—stage in
prenatal development from 8 to 38 or 40 weeks
Fibrocystic breast
disease—numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous
tissue in the breast
Fibroids—benign
tumors in the uterus. They are also called leiomyomata or leiomyomas. They are
composed of fibrous tissue and muscle.
Fimbriae—the
finger-like end of the fallopian tube, they catch the egg after its release
from the ovary
Follicle stimulating
hormone—secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg
cell/ovum and ovulation
Fundus—rounded
upper portion of the uterus
G2P2—medical
shorthand for a woman has had pregnancies and 2 deliveries
Galactorrhea—abnormal
discharge of milk, commonly seen with pituitary gland tumors
Gamete—male or
female sexual reproductive cell, contains exactly half the number of
chromosomes of a normal body cell
Genital warts—benign
growths on the vulva, cervix, vagina or anus
Genitalia—reproductive
organs—also called genitals
Gestation/ pregnancy—the
period of development within the uterus
Glandular tissue—contains
milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries
during puberty
Gonads—special
organs in male and female produce the egg and sperm cells. Female gonads are
the ovaries, and the male gonads are
the testes.
Gynecology—study
of the female reproductive system
Gynecomastia—Gyne
refers to female and mastia refers to the breast. Gynecomastia is strictly a
male disease and is any growth of the adipose (fatty) and glandular tissue in a
male breast. Not all breast growth in men is considered abnormal, just excess
growth.
Her-2/neu—A gene
on chromosome 17q11.2-q12 that encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Commonly occurs in breast
and ovarian cancers.
Herceptin—an
antibody that binds to and blocks her-2/neu, is effective in stopping growth
when used with chemotherapy
Histopatholigic types—lobular
and medullary carcinoma of the breast
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)—hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by
stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
Human papillomavirus—most
common STD infections in the world. Some types of HPV cause genital warts,
whereas, others cause cancer, especially HPV types 16 and 18
Hyaline membrane
disease—acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature babies. It is
also known as respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS) and is caused
by deficiency of surfactant
Hyaline—glassy.
It referred to the shiny membrane that forms in the lung sacs
Hydrocephalus—accumulation
of fluid in the spaces of the brain
Hymen—a thin
mucous membrane partially covering the entrance to the vagina
Hysterectomy—Hysterectomy
is the surgical removal of the uterus
Hysterosalpingography(HSG)—x
ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast
material
Hysteroscopy—an
endoscope passed through the vagina and cervix to view uterine cavity
In vitro
fertilization—egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a
laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization
Induced abortion—can
be therapeutic or elective
Inframammary—Inferior
to the mammary gland.
Intrauterine device
(IUD)—a method of female birth control. A small device designed to remain
inside the uterus. It works by preventing implantation of the embryo. Birth
control pills and IUD do not protect woman against sexually transmitted
disease.
Intrauterine device—IUD
A birth control device, such as a plastic or metallic loop, ring, or spiral,
that is inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in
the uterine lining.
Involution of the
uterus—the process of reduction of the uterus to its normal no pregnant
size and state following childbirth
Labia—lips of the
vagina. Labia majora is the outer lips of the vagina and Labia minora is the
smaller inner lips
Lactation—hormones
from the pituitary gland stimulate secretion of milk after birth
Lactiferous ducts—tubes
that carry milk within the breast
Laparoscopic
hysterectomy—partial hysterectomy that preserves the cervix
Laparoscopy—visual
examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope
Leucorrhea—this
vaginal discharge is normal or becomes more yellow as a sign of infection
Leuteinizing hormone—secreted
by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation and ovum. It is in particular
influences the maintenance of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen
and progesterone
Ligation—trying
off and doesn't pertain solely to the fallopian tubes, which may be tied using
clips or bands
Loop
electrocauteryexcision procedure (LEEP)—used to further assess and often
treat abnormal cervical tissue
Lumen—opening
Lumpectomy—small
primary tumors, the lump with immediate surrounding tissue can be removed
Luteal cysts—includes
cystic corpora lutea, which are not evidence of ovarian malfunction, and
luteinized cysts, which are usually anovulatory. The former can be identified
by the presence of a palpable ovulation papilla.
Mammary glands—the
breasts are composed of mammary glands
Mammary papilla—the
breasts nipple
Mammography—x –
ray imaging of the breast
Mammoplasty—reduction
and augmentation operations
Mastectomy—Mastectomy
is the surgical removal of the breast for the treatment or prevention of breast
cancer
Mastectomy—removal
of the breast
Mastitis—
Mastitis is an infection of the breast. Usually caused by streptococcal or
staphylococcal infection
Meconium aspiration
syndrome—abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a foetus or newborn
Meconiumileus—an
obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn caused by impaction of thick,
dry meconium near the ileocecal valve
Meconium—a thick,
sticky, greenish to black substance, is actually the first stool of the foetus
Menarche—beginning
of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce. It is an onset of
menstruation occurs at the time of puberty. An average cycle last for 28 days
but may be shorter or longer and may be irregular in length.
Menometrorrhagia—excessive
uterine bleeding during and between menstrual periods
Menopause—gradual
ending of menstruation
Menorrhagia—abnormally
heavy or long menstrual periods. Fibroids are a leading cause of menorrhagia
Menorrhea—the
normal discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus
Menses—(Latin
mensis; meaning month) The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during
menstruation is called the menses
Menstruation—monthly
shedding of the uterine lining.
Metrorrhagia—bleeding
between manses. Possible causes include, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian or uterine
tumors
Mucinous—thick,
pasty fluid
Multigravida—A
pregnant woman with one or more previous pregnancies.
Multipara—a woman
who has had two or more pregnancies resulting in viable foetuses, whether or not
the offspring were alive at birth
Multiple gestation—more
than one foetus inside the uterus
Myomectomy—removal
of fibroids from the uterus
Myometrium—the
middle, muscular layer of the uterine wall/uterus
Myometrium—The
muscular wall of the uterus
Neonatal—pertaining
to the first four weeks after birth
Neonate--newborn
Neonatology—study
of care and treatment of the newborn
Nulligravida—a
woman who has never been pregnant.
Nullipara—A woman
who has never given birth
Nulliparous woman—having
never borne children
Obstetrics—is a
speciality concerned with pregnancy and the delivery of the foetus. A midwife
Oligomenorrhea—infrequent
menstrual periods or scanty manses
Oocyte—immature
ovum
Oogenesis—The
formation and the development of the ovum. Also called ovigenesis
Oophorectomy—the surgical
removal of one or both ovaries. It is also called ovariectomy or ovarian
ablation. If one ovary is removed, a woman may continue to menstruate and have
children. If both ovaries are removed, menstruation stops and a woman lose the
ability to have children.
Oophoritis—inflammation
of an ovary
Orifice—an
opening
Ovarian carcinoma—malignant
tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma). Two types of ovarian cancer are common.
Serous and mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma. Inherited mutations in genes greatly
increase the risk of developing ovarian and breast cancer. These mutations are
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Ovarian cysts—collections
of fluid within a sacs in the ovary.
Ovarian follicles—developing
sac enclosing each ovum within each ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature
in a woman’s lifetime
Ovarian—pertaining
to an ovary or ovaries
Ovaries—a pair of
small almond-shaped organs located at the pelvis. It produces egg cell and
hormones
Ovulation—release
of the ovum from the ovary
Ovum—mature egg
cell. Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes
Oxyrocia—an
unusually rapid childbirth. The pituitary gland releases oxytocin, which
stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract. It also stimulates milk secretion
from mammary glands
Pap test (Pap smear)—microscopic
examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
Papilla—any small
nipple shaped projection
Parous woman—having
given birth one or more times
Parturition—giving
birth
Pelvicexenteration—removal
of the organs an adjacent structure of the pelvis
Pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID)—inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic;
salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis. The leading cause is STD
Pelvic
ultrasonography—recoding images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in
the pelvic region
Pelvimetry—measurement
of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
Perineorrhaphy—a
surgical procedure in which incisions, tear, or defect in the perineum is
repaired by suturing.
Perineum—the
region between the vaginal orifice and the anus
Pituitarygland—secretes
other hormones that govern the reproductive functions of the ovaries, breasts
and uterus
Placenta Previa—implantation
of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.
Placenta—vascular
organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of
oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus
Preeclampsia—abnormal
condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure,
proteinuria, edema and headache. Women with severe preeclampsia need treatment
with medications such as magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures.
Pregnancy test—blood
or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
Pregnancy—if
fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, the fertilized egg travels to the
uterus and implants in the uterine endometrium. Condition in a female having a
developing embryo and fetus and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks
Premenstrual syndrome
(PMS)—lowered level of progesterone and estrogen probably are responsible
for symptoms of depression, breast tenderness and irritability before
menstruation
Prenatal—preceding
birth.
Primi—first
Primigravida— A
pregnant woman. Gravida followed by a Arabic numeral or preceded by designates
the pregnant woman by number of pregnancies; for example, gravida I,
primigravida; a woman in her first pregnancy; gravida II, secundigravida; a
woman in her second pregnancy
Primipara—A woman
who has given birth for the first time to an infant or infants
Primiparous—a
woman who has given birth to at least one child. Para Also describes the number
of deliveries after the 20th weeks of gestation
Progesterone—hormone
of the ovary. This hormone stimulates the building up of the lining of the
uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg and pregnancy. Progesterone
and estrogen support the vascular and glandular development of the uterine
lining. Progesterone also maintains the development of the placenta. Low level
of progesterone also leads to abortion and menstrual irregularities in non-pregnant
women
Prophylactic
oophorectomy—The excision of the ovaries in a ♀ with a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2–associated with a 5–60% lifetime risk of ovarian CA–normal
risk is 1.5%–undergoes prophylactic removal of ovaries
Pseudocyesis—false
pregnancy. But physical changes such as wright gain and amenorrhea occur
Pseudo—false
Puberty—point in
life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are
produced
Pyloricstenosis—narrowing
of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
Pyosalpinx—a
collection of pus in a uterine tube
Radial (complete)
hysterectomy—surgical treatment for cervical cancer
Retroversion—the
uterus is abnormally tilted backward. Occurs in 30% of the women
Saline—salt
solution
Salpingectomy—removal
of one or both of a woman's fallopian tubes, the tubes through which an egg
travels from the ovary to the uterus.
Sentinel node biopsy—is
performed to determine if the tumor has spread to lymph node
Serosa—the
outermost layer of an organ in the abdomen or thorax of uterus
Serous—clear
fluid
Sexual reproduction—union
of the nuclei of the ovum and the sperm cell that result in the creation of an
embryo
Speculum—an
instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls
Stereotactic core
needle biopsy—uses mammography to guide a biopsy needle into an area of
concern.
Sterilization—making
an individual incapable of reproduction
Surfactant—a
protein necessary for proper lung function
Tamoxifen—A drug
that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, C26H29NOS, used in the form of
its citrate primarily to treat breast cancer in women whose tumors are
estrogen-dependent and to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women.
The breasts—contains
fibrous and fatty tissue, lactiferous ducts and sinuses
Therapeutic abortion—performed
when the health of the pregnant woman is in danger
Total abdominal
hysterectomy—removal of the entire uterus including the cervix through an
abdominal incisions
Transvaginal
ultrasound—allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at the organs
within the pelvis
Triple-negative tumors—lack
estrogen, progesterone and her-2/neu and are highly aggressive
Tubal ligation—blocking
the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring.
Tubal pregnancy—Pregnancy
in one of the fallopian tubes.
Uterine artery
embolization (UAE)—a procedure where an interventional radiologist uses a
catheter to deliver small particles that block the blood supply to the uterine
body. The procedure is done for the treatment of uterine fibroids and
adenomyosis
Uterineprolapse—the
falling, sinking, or sliding of the uterus from its normal location in the body
Uterine serosa—outermost
layer surrounding the uterus
Uterine serosa—the
outer, membranous tissue layers of uterine wall, a lining that produce water,
serum like secretion.
Utero-ovarian
ligament--
Uterus—a
fibromuscular organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
Normally lies within pelvis. It is the size and shape of pear and is about 3
inches long in a non-pregnant woman. It is an organ where embryo and fetus
develop and menstruation occurs.
Vagina—a tubular
structure, extends from the uterus to the exterior of the body. The cervical
opening leads into 3 inch long muscular, mucosa-lined canal, vagina, which
opens to the outside of the body. Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from
the uterus to the exterior of the body
Vaginal hysterectomy—removal
through the vagina
Vaginal orifice—the
narrowest portion of the canal, in the floor of the vestibule posterior to the
urethral orifice.
Vaginitis—inflammation
of the vagina, caused by bacteria and yeast (usually candida)
Vulva—the
external genitalia of the female, include labia, hymen, clitoris and vaginal
orifice
Vulvodynia—chronic
pain of the vulva, the external or visible region of the female genitalia, in
the absence of vulvar or vaginal infection or skin disease
Vulvovaginitis—Inflammation
of the vagina and vulva most often caused by a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic
infection
Zygote—the
fertilized ovum. Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and
implantation up to 2 weeks
No comments:
Post a Comment