Musculoskeletal System - Abbreviation

AE—above elbow

AK—above knee

BDT—bone density testing

BE—below elbow

BK—below knee

BMD—bone mineral density

C1,C2, etc—first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, etc

Ca—calcium

CTS—carpal tunnel syndrome

DJD--degenerative joint disease

DTR—deep tendon reflex

DXA—dual energy absorptiometry

EMG—electromyogram

FX—fracture

HNP—herniated nucleus polposus

IM—intramuscular

JRA—juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

L1,L2,etc—first lumbar vertebrae, second lumbar vertebrae etc

LLE—left lower extremity

LUE—left upper extremity

MD—muscular dystrophy

NSAID—non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA—osteoarthritis

ORIF—open reduction internal fixation

Orth—orthopedics

RA—rheumatoid arthritis

RLE—right lower extremity

RUE--right upper extremity

T1,T2, etc—first thoracic vertebrae, second thoracic vertebrae etc

THA—total hip arthroplasty

THR—total hip replacement

TKA—total knee arthroplasty

TKR—total knee replacement

Cardio Vascular System - Abbreviation

AAA—abdominal aortic aneurysm

ACE inhibitor—angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

ACLS—advanced cardiac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation

ACS—acute coronary syndrome

ADP—adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack, and strokes and after all stent procedure

AED—automatic external defibrillator

AF, a-fib—atrial fibrillation

AICD—automatic implantable cardioverter- defibrillator

AMI—acute myocardial infarction

ARVD—arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

AS—aortic stenosis

ASD—atrial septal defect

AV, A-V—atrioventricular

AVR—aortic valve replacement

BBB—bundle branch block

BNP—brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure

BP—blood pressure

CABG—coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD—coronary artery disease

CCU—coronary care unit

Cath—catheterization

CHF--congestive heart failure

CK—creatine kinase; released into the bloodstream after injury to the heart or skeletal muscles

CoA—coarctation of the aorta

CPR—cardiopulmonar  resuscitation

CRT—cardia  resynchronization therapy; biventricular pacing

CTNI or CTNT—cardiac troponin-I and cardiac troponin-T; troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury

CV—cardiovascular

DES—drug-eluting stent

DSA—digital subtraction angiography

DVT—deep vein thrombosis

ECMO—extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ECG or EKG—electrocardiography

ECHO—echocardiography

EF—ejection fraction; measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat

EPS—electrophysiology study; electrode catheters are inserted into veins and threaded into the heart and electrical conduction is measured

ETT—exercise tolerance test

ETT-MIBI—exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer scan

HDL—high-density lipoprotein; high blood levels are associated with lower incidence of coronary artery disease

HTN—hypertension (high blood pressure)

IABP—intra-aortic balloon pump; used to support patients in cardiogenic shock

ICD—implantablecardioverter-defibrillator

LAD—left anterior descending (coronary artery)

LDL—low-density lipoprotein

LMWP—low-molecular weight heparin

LV—left ventricle

LVAD—left ventricular assist device

LVH—left ventricular hypertrophy

MI—myocardial infarction

MR—mitral regurgitation

MUGA—multiple-gated acquisition scan; a radioactive test of heart function

MVP—mitral valve prolapse

NSR—normal sinus rhythm

NSTEMI—non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

PAC—premature atrial contraction

PAD—peripheral arterial disease

PCI—percutaneous coronary intervention

PDA—patentductus arteriosus; posterior descending artery

PVC—premature ventricular contraction

SA; S-A node—sinoatrial node

SCD—sudden cardiac death

SOB—shortness of breath

SPECT—single photon emission computed tomography; used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans

SSCP—substernal chest pain

STEMI—ST elevation myocardial infarction

SVT—supraventricular tachycardia; rapid heartbeats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness

Tc—technetium

TEE—transesophageal echocardiography

TGA—transposition of the great arteries

tPA—tissue-type plasminogen activator; a drug used to prevent thrombosis

UA—unstable angina; chest pain at rest or of increasing frequency

VF—ventricular fibrillation

VSD—ventricular septal defect

VT—ventricular tachycardia

WPW—Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; an abnormal ECG pattern often associated with paroxysmal tachycardia

Respiratory System - Abbreviation

ABGs—arterial blood gases

AFB—acid-fast bacillus; the type of organism that causes tuberculosis

ARDS—acute (formerly adult) respiratory distress syndrome; a group of signs and symptoms including tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and cyanosis associated with acute respiratory failure

BAL—bronchioalveolar lavage

Bronch—bronchoscopy

CF—cystic fibrosis

CO2—carbon dioxide

COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; airway obstruction associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis

CPAP—continuous positive airway pressure

CPR—cardiopulmonary resuscitation; three basic steps (ABC); Airway, Breathing, Circulation

C&S—culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)

CTPA—computed tomography pulmonary angiography

CXR—chest x-ray [film]

DLCO—diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide

DOE—dyspnea on exertion

DPT—diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus; toxoids for vaccination of infants, to provide immunity to these diseases

FEV1—forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FVC—forced vital capacity; amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration

HCO3—bicarbonate; measured in blood to determine acidity or alkalinity

ICU—intensive care unit

LLL—left lower lobe (of lung)

LUL—left upper lobe (of lung)

MDI—metered-dose inhaler - used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients

NSCLC—non-small cell lung cancer

O2—oxygen

OSA—obstructive sleep apnea

PaCO2—carbon dioxide partial pressure; measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PaO2—oxygen partial pressure; a measure of the amount of oxygen in arterial blood

PCP—Pneumocystis pneumonia; a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDs or other immunosuppression

PE—pulmonary embolism

PEP—positive expiratory pressure; mechanical ventilator strategy in which patient takes a deep breath and then exhales through a device that resists air flow (helps refill under ventilated areas of the lung)

PEEP—positive end-expiratory pressure; common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure

PFTs—pulmonary function tests

PND—paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PPD—purified protein derivative; substance used in a tuberculosis test

RDS—respiratory distress syndrome; in the newborn infant, condition marked by dyspnea and cyanosis and related to absence of surfactant, a substance that permits normal expansion of lungs; also called hyalin membrane disease

RLL—right lower lobe (of lung)

RSV—respiratory syncytial virus - common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and the common cold, especially in children (in tissue culture, forms syncytia or giant cells, so that cytoplasm flows together)

RUL—right upper lobe (of lung)

RV—residual volume; amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal experimentation

SCLC—small cell lung cancer

SOB—shortness of breath

TB—tuberculosis

TLC—total lung capacity; volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration; equals VC + RV

URI—upper respiratory infection

VT—tidal volume; amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation

VATS—video-assisted thoracic surgery (thoracoscopy)

VC--vital capacity; equals inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume

V/Q scan—ventilation-perfusion scan - radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries (lung scan)

Survival is not Easy!

I have been a victim of domestic crisis for many years yet, I found it is the most hard thing to claim for protection not only in my country but also in other countries. Why? this is the question I couldn't answer in the past perhaps never in future.

I asked protection from many international non - profit organizations but all claimed not to accept individual claims for protection and I always wondered how then? In my home country, non-profit organizations just work for their own benefits or more simply for popularity, and the person in need just wandering in the middle of nowhere. Some individuals are afraid of losing their dignity as well as the family's, and scarifies their lives silently. If you raise a voice and belong to a middle or poor class family, the best they can do is to murder the victim by creating dramas to the poor soul. 

I survived, God knows how? Many years struggling all alone,  my parents and siblings knew that I am right, were against me and my actions for survival. The main reason if I could ever find was, It's a shame to our family. They saw me suffering but not ready to help me. They are afraid of society and the person I was married to. 

And I question, Who are going to give me back those years of my life? Depression, stress, frustration that I was carrying at that time, has affected me tremendously, but, I survived. The main reason I could believe is "hope". When you have hope, when you have courage and when you know you are right, it gives you power and energy to struggle for the truth to find and you are not afraid of being killed or survived at the end. You aim leads you to "do or die", or "now or never". I was in both situation. 

I lives now abroad, but my kids still back their in my home country, I want to have them here with me every bit of second and yet, the question arises again, how? If you ask me "what do you mean how?

My answer could sound silly to you... their passports...

My family still afraid of their father, and he has the passports.. Belonging to a country and family where women does not have any rights, leaves you in the middle of nowhere... But you still have courage to struggle.

Just Relax--- Enjoy Famous Kidneys

Yummy, Easy & Healthy food to try

Medical Terminology - Root, Suffix & Prefix of the Letters S, T, U, V, W, X, Y & Z

S

sacchar/o                         sugar

sacr/o                                sacrum

salping/o                          fallopian tube; auditory (eustachian) tube

-salpinx                             fallopian tube; oviduct

sangu/i                              blood

sanit/a                               health

sapr/o                                rotten, decay

sarc/o                                flesh (connective tissue)

scapul/o                            scapula; shoulder blade

-schisis                             to split

schist/o                             split, cleft

schiz/o                              split

sinistr/o                             left

scint/i                                 spark

scirrh/o                             hard

scler/o                               sclera (white of eye)

-sclerosis                         hardening

scolec/o                            worm

scoli/o                               crooked; bent

-scope                               instrument for visual examination

-scopy                               visual examination

scot/o                                darkness

seb/o                                 sebum

sebace/o                           sebum

sect/o                                to cut

semi-                                  half

semin/i                              semen; seed

-sepsis                              putrefaction

seps/o                               infection

sept/o                                partition

ser/o                                  serum, serous

seven                                hepta-, sept-, septi-

sial/o                                  saliva

sialaden/o                        salivary gland

sider/o                               iron

sigmoid/o                         sigmoid colon

silic/o                                 glass

sinus/o                              sinus

-sis                                     state of; condition

sit/o                                    food

six                                      hex-, hexa-, sex-

skelet/o                             skeleton

-sol                                     solution

somat/o                             body

-some                                body

somn/o                              sleep

-somnia                             sleep

son/o                                 sound

-spadia                              to tear; cut

span/o                               scanty, scarce

-spasm                              sudden contraction of muscles

spectr/o                            image, spectrum

sperm/o                            spermatozoa; sperm cells

spermat/o                         spermatozoa; sperm cells

sphen/o                            wedge; sphenoid bone

spher/o                             globe-shaped; round

sphygm/o                         pulse

-sphyxia                            pulse

splanchn/o                       viscera (internal organs)

spin/o                                spine (backbone)

spir/o                                 to breathe

splen/o                              spleen

spondyl/o                         vertebra (backbone)

squam/o                           scale

-stalsis                              contraction

staped/o                           stapes (middle ear bone)

staphyl/o                          clusters; uvula

-stabile                              stable, fixed

-stalsis                              contraction

staped/o                           stapes

-stasis                               to stop; control; place

-stat                                    device/instrument for keeping something stationary

-static                                pertaining to stopping; controlling

steat/o                               fat; sebum

sten/o                                narrowed, constricted

-stenosis                          tightening; stricture

ster/o                                 solid structure; steroid

stere/o                               solid; three-dimensional

stern/o                               sternum (breastbone)

steth/o                               chest

-sthenia                             strength

stich/o                               rows

stigmat/o                          mark, point

-stitial                                 to set; pertaining to standing or positioned

stomat/o                           mouth

-stomia                              condition of the mouth

-stomy                               new opening (to form a mouth)

strept/o                             twisted chains

-stroma                             supporting tissue of an organ

styl/o                                  pole or stake

sub-                                   under; below

submaxill/o                      mandible (lower jaw bone)

succ/o                               juice

sud/o                                 sweat

super-                                above, beyond

-suppression                   to stop

supra-                                above; upper

sym-                                   together; with

symptom/o                       occurrence

syn-                                    together; with

synaps/o, synapt/o        point of contact, to join

syncop/o                          to cut off, cut short; faint

syndesm/o                       ligament

synov/o                             synovia; synovial membrane; sheath around a tendon

syring/o                            tube

system/o                           system

systol/o                             contraction

T

tachy-                                              fast

tal/o                                                  talus

tars/o                                               tarsus; hindfoot or ankle

tauto-                                               identical, same

tax/o                                                 order; coordination

techn/o                                            skill, art

tel/o                                                  complete

tele/o                                                distant

temp/o, tempor/o                          period of time, the temples

ten                                                    deca-

ten/o                                                tendon

tendin/o                                          tendon

-tension                                          pressure

tens/o                                              stretched, strained

tephr/o                                            gray (ashen)

terat/o                                              monster; malformed fetus

test/o                                               testis

tetan/o                                             tetanus

tetra-                                                four

thalam/o                                          thalamus

thalass/o                                         sea

thanat/o                                          death

the/o                                                put; place

thec/o                                              sheath

thel/o                                               nipple

therapeut/o                                    treatment

-therapy                                          treatment

therm/o                                           heat

thorac/o                                          chest

-thorax                                            chest; pleural cavity

three                                                tri-

thromb/o                                         clot

-tropia                                              to turn

thym/o                                             thymus gland

-thymia                                            mind (condition of)

-thymic                                            pertaining to mind

thyr/o                                               thyroid gland; sheild

thyroid/o                                         thyroid gland

tibi/o                                                 tibia (shin bone)

-tic                                                    pertaining to

toc/o                                                labor; birth

-tocia                                               labor; birth (condition of)

-tocin                                               labor; birth (a substance for)

tom/o                                               to cut

-tome                                               instrument to cut

-tomy                                               process of cutting

ton/o                                                tension

tone/o                                              to stretch

tonsill/o                                           tonsil

top/o                                                place; position; location

torso                                                twisted

tox/o                                                poison

toxic/o                                             poison

trache/o                                          trachea (windpipe)

trans-                                               across; through

traumat/o                                        trauma, injury, wound

trem/o, tremul/o                            shaking, trembling

-tresia                                              opening

tri-                                                     three

trich/o                                              hair

trigon/o                                           trigone (area within the bladder)

tri/o                                                   to sort out, sorting

-tripsy                                              to crush

troph/o                                            nourishment; development

-trophy                                            nourishment; development (condition of)

-tropia                                              to turn

-tropic                                              turning

-tropin                                             stimulate; act on

tub/o                                                tube

tumesc/o, -tumescence              swelling

tympan/o                                        tympanic membrane (eardrum); middle ear

-type                                                classification; picture

typhl/o                                             cecum, blindness

U

ule                    little; small

uln/o                 ulna (middle lower arm bone)

ul/o                   scar, scarring

ultra-                beyond; excess

-um                   structure; tissue; thing

umbilic/o         umbilicus (navel)

ungu/o             nail

uni-                   one

uran/o              palate

-uresis             urination

ur/o                   urine; urinary tract

ureter/o           ureter

urethr/o           urethra

-uria                  urination; condition of urine

uric/o               urine condition

urin/o               urine

-us                    structure; thing

uter/o               uterus (womb)

uve/o              uvea, vascu

V

vaccin/o                                          vaccine

vag/o                                               vagus nerve

vagin/o                                            vagina

valv/o                                              valve

valvul/o                                           valve

varic/o                                             varicose veins

vas/o                                               vessel; duct; vas deferens

vascul/o                                          vessel (blood)

ven/o                                               vein

ven/i                                                 vein

vener/o                                           venereal (sexual contact)

ventil/o                                            to aerate, oxygenate

ventr/o                                            belly side of body

ventricul/o                                      ventricle (of heart or brain)

venul/o                                            venule (small vein)

verm/i                                              worm

verruc/i                                           wart

-verse                                              to turn

-version                                          to turn

vers/o, -verse                                turn, turning

vertebr/o                                         vertebra (backbone)

vesic/o                                            urinary bladder

vesicul/o                                         seminal vesicle

vestibul/o                                       vestibule of the inner ear

vir/o                                                 virus

viscer/o                                           internal organs

vit/o                                                  life

vitr/o                                                vitreous body (of the eye)

vitre/o                                              glass

viv/o                                                 life

-volemia                                          blood volume

volv/o, volut/o                               to roll

vulv/o                                              vulva

W

ward                              in the direction of

-where                           location  e.g. anywhere

-wise                             direction  e.g. clockwise

with-                              together, united

X

xanth/o                                                           yellow

xen/o                                                              stranger, foreigner

xer/o                                                               dry, dryness

xiph/o or xiphi-                                             sword shaped

xylo-                                                                wood    e.g. xylum

xys-                                                                 file, scrape

Y

y              condition; process

yalos       Glass

ydor        Water

-yne        ending for alkynes

yocto-     prefix: one septillionth part of; the factor 10: yoctosecond

yoeides   U-shaped

-yl           suffix - a monovalent hydrocarbon radical e.g. ethyl

-ylene     suffix - A bivalent organic radical

yper        Above

ypo         Under

ypsi         High

ystera     Uterus

Z

zeo-            boil

zinco-         Pertaining to or containing the element zinc

zo/o            animal life

zon-            girdle, belt

zyg/o          union, junction, pair, yoke, tied together

zym/o         enzyme, ferment

-zyme         enzyme